IRANIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS
Year:2017 | Volume:6 | Issue:-|Papers Count:6

In the present paper, the positive and negative effects of tax reform and arisen changes in tax system, known as discretionary effects, on tax collection, especially on corporate tax collection that has the highest share in tax revenue, over the period 1978-2012 (1357-1391 corresponding to Iranian calendar) has been calculated quantitatively. Findings show that the most fluctuations of Residuals and the most changes in tax ratio have just occurred between the years 1988-1998 (1367-1377 corresponding to Iranian calendar) in corporate tax category. Also, in the considered analytical framework, according to the measured discretionary effects during the mentioned period, can declare that the outcome of Iranian National Tax Administration's effort in order to affect tax collection, via other factors excluding tax base, only has been positive in 1989 and has been negative in 1988 and during 1990- 1998.

Forecasting economic variables is one of particular importance in economic issues and various models are created to predict future values of variables. One of the most important functions of economic models is to predict future values of economic variables. In fact, economic models can be tested by examining the prediction accuracy. In this case, if an economic model is successful in explaining the relationships between variables, it must provide accurate predictions of future variables. The main objective of this study is to predict the return of one of the most influential industries in the country, petrochemical industry. Statistical results prove the existence of long-term memory in return index of this industry, Then, It is used two of econometric models for forecasting including ARFIMA and ARIMA. ARFIMA model by considering long-term memory and ARIMA model regardless of long-term memory is considered. Evaluating of the prediction accuracy of the two proposed models with daily data of petrochemical industry index in Tehran Stock Market in the period of June/14/2005 to August/16/2015 showes ARFIMA model with little difference worked better than ARIMA model, but considering the problems of estimation of regression coefficients of ARFIMA model and simplicity of ARIMA model, this small difference is negligible and ARIMA models can be used to predict.

One of the goals of the fourth and fifth Iranian development plans is to reduce the dependency on oil revenues and replacing tax revenues would be the best alternative in this regard. The present study is examining the relationship between tax revenues share and other government’s revenues (including oil revenues) shares in Iran during 1978-2014 (1357-1394 corresponding to Iranian calendar). For this purpose, the net effect of applying a combined shock including increasing one-unit in tax revenue along with decreasing one-unit in oil revenues is studied on tax revenues, oil revenues, budget deficit and the price index; by estimating a system of simultaneous equations and using Vector Autoregressive method (VAR). The results indicate that the initial instability effects of the mentioned shock are removed within 8 to 10 periods. Therefore, can be declared that there is a possibility of replacing oil revenues by tax revenues, without undesirable impact on the considered variables’ long-term conditions.

The main objective of this study is to explore the effects and consequences of economic instability on economic growth in 28 provinces … developed, Less developed and undeveloped during the periods of 2006-2012. For this purpose, at first, an indicator of economic instability for any province was generated using the principle components analysis (PCA), and then the impact of this indicator on economic growth provinces of Iran was examined. The results show the developed and undeveloped provinces most affected by economic instability and economic growth in these provinces will be more subject to fluctuations. In addition, in the long term, economic instability has the lowest effect on economic growth in all provinces. Among other variables, labor and capital have the highest effect. The authorities should pay particular attention to the economic recovery and to reduce volatility and shocks in the economy to increase economic growth in provinces.

Trade liberalization is considered as the main symbol of globalization and its main driving force. Implementation of trade liberalization policy in terms of its positive effects on macroeconomic and social indicators is taken into consideration by policy makers in most countries in the world. In the meantime, business services allocated significant contribution among the various commercial sectors. Therefore, in this paper the impact of financial services trade liberalization on employment is examined. In order to the relative homogeneity of economic structures of countries, ten Islamic countries including Iran were selected for studies. Statistical data from 2005 to 2012 were used. The model used in this research is panel data model and was estimated using STATA 12. Other variables used in this study include income tax, value-added production and real effective exchange rate. The findings show a significant and positive impact of financial services trade liberalization on employment. Accordingly, it can be argued that financial services trade liberalization policies could increase the rate of employment and reduce unemployment. As well as income tax and value-added production variables have meaningful and negative impacts and real effective exchange rate variable has meaningful and positive impact on employment which is consistent with theoretical foundations of study.

One factor that plays a vital role towards achieving the goal of rapid and continuous economic growth, is the development of the financial sector of each country. Countries with more developed economy financial systems are faster economic growth. The growth of financial economics literature in recent decades reflects the fact that financial development facilitate economic growth. The other hand government plays an important role in providing financial services. Also, Trade liberalization and fiscal policies and improved regulatory bodies have a major role in the development of the financial sector. Economic globalization and the existence of suitable substrates leads to better macroeconomic performance and faster economic and financial development. Therefore, this study examined the effect of government size and openness on financial development of the world' s 30 selected countries during the period 1998 to 2012 by panel data approach. The estimation results indicate that the size of government and a significant negative impact on the financial development of the studied countries, so that the increase (decrease) the size of government, the financial development will decrease (increase). As well as trade openness, globalization of the financial and legal institutions quality index has a positive impact on financial development in the countries surveyed.