STUDIES OF LITERARY CRITICISM (LITERARY RESEARCH)
Year:2008 | Volume:- | Issue:13|Papers Count:9

Iran's literature under Safavids' period considered as "declined". But this saying is not correct. The Safavid's period was nearly four & half centuries(700- 1135 ,H) that less half than it(700- 907) was period of ecclesiastical government and leadership of "Ardabil Order" and more half than it(907-1135) was period of secular government (kingship). Study on literature of mentioned period could be enlightening some darkness of above saying. This essay try enlighten that period was not "declined", but a series change achieved on style of predecessors and a new style superseded it, namely "Sabk-i- Hindi" (Indian Style).

Abu'l-Fath 'Uthman b. 'Isa b. Mansur Balati, grammarian, poet and adib, originally from the town of Balat. He went First of all to learn in Syria, and then he migrated to Cairo to teach grammar [=nahv] and the Kuran. He remained there till his death in 599A.H.He composed a poem that all through a differing word in each verse which could be read equally well in the three grammatical cases, called Herbaviyya. We describe these grammatical cases in this article.

Philosophy in twenty century more and more tries to solve the problem of Cartesian dualism between object and subject because of the human life is mental and physical.Merleau-Ponty is a French phenomenologist philosopher that like Heidegger has paid to phenomenology in new manner. He rises the term of "body–subject" and deletes consciousness from intentionality and uncentralises of human as absolute subject and invites him to life–world. He raises Embodiment and believes that biological beings of world are engagement with the world and them living in it, rather than theorizing about it.

Water, as one of the most essencial element in universe, has always had a wealthy and high status, and its role establishing different human civilizations is absolutely clear for every one. Status and presence of this unique element during all history of human has been so exelent that even in some periods of history it has been worshiped. Water, for most ancient people, has been considered as a holly, pure, spiritual, heavenly element and a god-given gift. This kind of consideration has given a chance to water to gradually enter in mystical and religious culture of human in form of symbol, allogery and allusion, there fore human applys, the most and Persian mystical and quick interpretations about this substance. A sufian and Persian Gnostic–Arefs- that somehow has founded  two major religious and mental streams, that is islam and some believes of zartosht–and based-on this fact that in two major religions water has special holliness and spirituality- have taken an important rol in creating and improving these quick and sweet interpretations. Am Iranian sufi and Persian-speaker always presented water as a symbol, of any pure, creating and valuable thing in from of symbol, allusian and metaphor. This paper seeks to investigate importance, concept, value and function of water, based on some mystical and sufian works.

Abbas b. Ahnaf , a poet of 3th century of A.H., has preferred lyric form over the others. in his amorous poems , we can find some  principles and basises of an ideal lyrics, which seems be middle ring between material lyrics and mysterial ones. There are several common characteristics between ideal and mystical lyrics.Ibn Davood e Isfahani latter, established a new school in passion with these amorous poems inspiration. monotheism in passion, trustworthiness and denial mystery, is one of the most important principle of the ideal passion.

Becoming an exception by his thoughts and style, Mutanabbi is one of the most renowned poets of Abbasid Era. There are lots of accounts of his verses and many published books on his character and poems. This review, however, is concerned with some aspects of ethics and compassion in the context of his words, in the hope of applying them in daily life can provide a means to reach the apex of morality and humanity.

Leading an organization, to go in tandem with changes and in order to survive and develop in. new environments requira certain Features that managers. Generally have problems to respond to. One of the most prominent features that could help managers in the this respect is Emotional Intelligence. It is one of the features that can enormously play an important role in relationships between managers and members of an organization. scholars have found that EI is more important than IQ for a manager. It is worth mentioning that the emotional intelligence capabilities are not essentially inherent but can be learned. without management capabilities of EI ,managers and authorities would likely fail in their jobs. For the following reasons, communication effective is an important skill in management: -Managers should instruct and guide the staff-Managers should be capable to motivate the staff-Mansgers should be capable to convinc their customers to engage in trade with them.-Managers should be capable to persuade others-Managers having emotional intelligence are most efficient as they fulfil their goal with optimum benefits and the satisfaction and commitment of the staff The studies have shown that the managers capable of communicating efficiently with their human resources are likely to get ahead of the others in future.