ARABIC LANGUAGE & LITERATURE
Year:2016 | Volume:12 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:9

"Sinai treaty" is a short story by contemporary Egyptian writer Yusuf Idris (1927-1991) which coincides with the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States. Such a heated political climate in story has a realistic form. Political conflict in "Sinai treaty" happens between Russian Mashnsky and American William in military garrison in Sinai, Egypt to set up American spare piece on the broken Russian military machine. This conflict finishes by Egyptian Mohieddin who managed to use spare parts to the amazement of two sides of the conflict. Hence, this paper studies the political conflict including verbal conflicts and immoral actions that the two sides used during the conflict. It includes political Fights and Debates or Competitions. The political competitions lead to no results or equal results. In this paper, the inability of the parties to resolve the conflict and the selfishness of the Russian side turns into verbal conflict. The conflict happens mainly due to Fights and the continual dissociation between the positions of Mashnsky and William. As the parties move closer to each other they begin short talks but soon the talks will end. Continuous political competitions give either no result (winning one side and losing the other) or a draw (winning and losing sides). Another outcome is that these competitions have no great and impressive gains for either side. Because the actual winner is the Egyptian Mohieddin, who boldly launches the broken machine in the negligence of the Russian and American workers. Thus, this political competition leads to the loss of both the Russians and the Americans and the only real winner in this battle is the Egyptian Mohieddin. Note that in this paper the subjects are reviewed using the descriptive and analytical method.

Maqama is a kind of literature that is written in embellished words and it is considered as one of the important literary techniques which influence on Arabic literature. "Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani," is one who invented it. There are many disagreements among scholars about what subjects influence on the appearance of Maqama. And many of them long for the emergence of writing in Arabic literature have mentioned fan Maqama The prevalence and grade of Gray panhandle in the Abbasid era, one of the factors to consider when Maqamh Most of those who paid the panhandle Gray, who had a group called Children of Sasan And most people in this group, "Abu Dolaf" one of the poets of the Abbasid Due to its proximity with him Badi' al-Zaman as a factor affecting the development of his writing is a fan Maqama Until it can be said Badi' al-Zaman personality "Abolfath Eskandari," the hero of his authority is derived from Abu Dolaf. He effect on the genesis of this paper is analyzed and evaluated. And we can say that Abu Dolaf impact on the appearance of Maqamh.

Color is one of the indications of dignified God and is one of the specifications of human life that its implications are changed in different periods based on time and place conditions, Psychological characteristics and social conditions .Also it has an important role in poetic descriptions that creates beautiful images. This matter is more apparent in poetry of Abbasids poets because of various aspects of life that is born of cultural mixing between Arabs and other nations. The present article evaluates color and its implications in Abu Nuwas KHAMRIAT as one of the leading poets of Abbasids based on Descriptive Analysis who benefits the color to Interpretation of his emotions. Poet who implemented color in effect of Abbasi society and Persian culture widely in his book and specially in KHAMRIAT. Finally, the article comes to this important point that poet to create artistic tableau and his unique Poetic landscapes which fits with his age taste benefits from color and semantic implications. Implications such as, vitality, happiness, holiness, warmth, glow, destroy darkness in yellow color, health, elegance, flourish, aristocracy in Red color, protect, guard, happiness, fear of time and sadness of it in black color, clear and beautifulness in white color, young, green, life resume and cheerful in green color and vitality in blue color which poets takes all these implications from his rich cultural treasure that come from knowledge, civilizations, cultures and different ordinance.

One of the most sectarian suspicions arises about Nahj al-Balagha, is the suspicion of mentioning the al-Sahabah (the companions of Prophet Mohammad). In this regard, many cast doubt on the authenticity of the chain of transmission, or isnad, of Sermon of ash-Shiqshiqiyah to Imam Ali (AS) and claim that it is really the work of the compiler. However, those familiar with al-Radhi’s writings can easily identify differences between his and Imam Ali’s styles. Therefore, the article with the descriptive and analytical method, aims to provide clear visions for Bozeman theory in the first phase and then seeks to response to the doubt concerning Khotbah of ash-Shiqshiqiyah based on the statistical stylistics of this theory, and serves to remove all doubt on the authenticity of that particular sermon.

Without any doubts, balance is considered as one of the most significant criticism issues which evaluates similarities among different texts so that it can find to a better understanding and consequently the problems can be solved. Thus, it stands in a top position in literary criticism. Regarding this significance, this study is dedicated to study balance between al-Buhturi and Sharif al-Mortaza odes with the focus on Taq Kasra description. Here description technique is studied; it is a descriptive-analytic study based on stylistics. It divides the discussion into five parts: one part is allocated to analysis of the concept, and the other part to analysis of description technique such as tone, words, grammar language and rhetoric. Based on the mentioned parameters, these two works are analyzed and Taq Kasra’s reflection and their similarities and differences are examined. Studying the issue, it became clear that two poets did their best to choose eloquent and concurrent words, since they paid attention to applying satisfying and clear language structures. Al-Buhturi made use of noun phrases more than verb phrases since noun phrases are proper to description. Indeed, paid more attention to details and creation of new figures; they are accompanied by poets’ honest description. These two odes differ in their concepts which identifies al-Buhuri’s ode as a lyrical literary work, and includes Sharif al-Mortaza’s ode as a didactic literary work.

The teaching of Arabic since the beginning of the educational phase is designed to enable the student to language skills, by providing basic skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, and to help them acquire the proper practices, and trends in sound, and the gradual development of these skills throughout the stages of education, so students arrive at the end of this phase to the level of language can use the language helped him to continue to study in the following stages of education. The listening one of the main language arts; it is an essential factor in the communication process. Listening and speaking Mhartan are growing and working together interchangeably and complements each other, followed by growth in listening skills and the growth in the arts and other language skills. However, despite the importance of this skill at all stages, but it is largely neglected in our universities of Iran and is faced problems numerous including: the lack of the presence of subjects specific, the lack of expert professors in the teaching of the language, problems in hardware and software, the low use of strategies education listening by teachers and strategies learned by the students; Therefore, in our study was sample of 108 students from five universities, governmental (Allameh Tabatabaei, algorithm, Tehran, Qom, Zahra) And may the researchers designed a questionnaire measures the degree use students learning strategies, and consisted of six paragraphs of the resolution specific to each strategy, and to analyze the results of the study used statistical software package (SPSS). The study found that students using an Iranian strategies for learning a foreign language when they learn the skill of remedial Alastmaa. Illustration more commonly used when studying the Iranians, and this explains the attempts by the respondents to overcome the linguistic palaces to resort to guesswork.

The careful selection and proper use of lexical elements is the distinguishing feature of the Holy Quran. These elements are classified as subsets of semiotics and each of them play their role within the context of a Surah and topics that it covers. For example In Luqman surah topics such as monotheism, polytheism, atheism, prayer and the Day of Resurrection are discussed by different methods such as interrogative, vocative, elimination, citation, repetition etc. In this article this surah is reviewed according to the artistic and stylistic linguistics methods which are considered as subjects of linguistics. At first the semantic value and semiotic dimensions and the composition and expression as well as aesthetic value and the level of literary influence has been studied. Furthermore a literary style has been studied that despite violating the linguistic principles it has its own language coherence and grammatical syntax mechanism. The result of this study shows that the letters extensively fit with conceptual and diacritical context of the surah and demonstrates the audial value of this Qur'anic text.

The thought of leaving this world for the heavens, paradise and hell inspired by the Holy Prophet’s ascension appeared in the form of fictional stories in the Arabic literature in the fifth century (solar calendar), i.e. in the late Abbasid period, although the history of such journeys goes back to the time before Islam. As it goes in Pahlavi texts, the first one to have gone on oneiric journeys was Zarathustra. However, most imaginative journeys in the Arabic and Persian literatures appeared after the rise of Islam and the event of the prophet’s ascension. Following this great event, men of letters and poets were inspired to create myths and stories that fed o their imagination, though, beliefs and moral characteristics, stories that occurred in the world of fiction and outside the realm of the real. Two of the most important of such stories in the Arabic literature include, first, Resalat al-Ghufran by Abu al-Ala’ al-Ma’arri, which was written as a response to a letter by Ali ibn Mansour al-Halabi, a.k.a., Ibn al-Qarih, a great contemporary literary man of his and, second, Resalat al-Tawabi’ wa al-Zawabi’ by Ibn Shaheed al- Andalusi. In this paper, we aim to analyze the impact of the prophet’s ascension on these two works using a descriptive-analytical perspective. The results of this study show that these two works, as famous instances of ancient Arabic literature, are inspired by the prophet’s ascension from semantic, stylistic and structural aspects.