Maremat & memari-e Iran
Year:2013 | Volume:2 | Issue:4|Papers Count:9

Sar-Yazd village is strategically situated near to the ancient road of Yazd-Kerman. It is a small village of almost 500 populations and is located at a distance of 20km from the southern part of the city of Yazd. In this paper an attempt is made to foreground the historical and cultural landscape of Sar-Yazd. This article is divided into three sections. First, the historical and morphological development of Sar-Yazd is illustrated. The significance of water resources, natural setting as well as socio-economic characteristics are highlighted. Second, various factors associated with the significance of Sar-Yazd are characterized. These are architectural, cultural and natural values as well as local traditions and lifestyle. Finally, the intervention theory and policy is discussed. This is then followed by strategic suggestions, which are concentrated mainly on four major cultural, historical and natural axes of Sar-Yazd. It is assumed that by conservation and improvement of these key morphological structures and other less tangible values, the cultural and living landscape of Sar-Yazd will be well-maintained and empowered. The results of article shows In the comprehensive conservation on village of Saryazd‚ With emphasis on ability of cultural, historical and natural Prosperity can be restored to different parts and Physical and social life improve it.

Ignoring the cultural-historical values of old fabric of cities triggers restoration activities which are simply physical and do not consider social aspects. In urban planning, urban public spaces are considered as the context of social relations between citizens. Thus, this research seeks revitalization of historical fabrics with an emphasis on social aspects of urban public spaces.The goal of this paper is to assess social interactions in public spaces of old town of Lar to recognize and classify their strengths and weaknesses and present more appropriate and effective strategies for their improvement. The nature of survey is applied, the method is analytic-descriptive and data is gathered via documentary studies, standard questionnaire of PPS and observations.In the process of analysis and assessment, descriptive and inferential statistics has been used as well. The results of One Sample T-Test show that the sociability of public spaces in old town of Lar is (0.75) and this rate is lower than normal rate. For more precise survey, the 34 public spaces of Lar are divided into 7 functional groups and their scale of sociability component and sub-components are surveyed. The results show that the spaces with public street function have the highest and community spaces have the lowest rate in sociability. Also, four sub-components such as in-group activity, being public, being participatory and being viewpoint are recognized as influential components on sociability of public spaces. The results show that in the subcomponent of in-group activity, sporting spaces have the highest and community spaces have the lowest rate, in being public subcomponent, public streets have the highest and religious spaces with micro scale function have the lowest rate, in being viewpoint, sporting spaces have the highest and commercial spaces have the lowest rate, and in being participatory, community spaces have the highest and sporting spaces have the lowest rate among other functions. Finally, after surveying and recognizing damaged points of public spaces in old town of Lar, a number of strategies are proposed for improving the quality of spaces according to the quality of subcomponents.

For improving the quality of urban life in historical fabrics, social values embedded within the fabrics are more important than the physical restoration. Nowadays, the physical restoration of historical fabrics done in our country has not realized the defined goals and perspectives in many cases. Although such restorations can be a part of the process of improving the visual qualities of the environment, the most important element triggering the sustainable social life and improvement of urban life in historical fabrics as a basic factor of retaining the fabrics, is considering the social dimensions in restoration and revitalization of historical fabrics. Social capital is one of the main factors in sociology and social sciences which has recently been applied as a conceptual tool in improving the environmental qualities. Since the promotion of social functions underlying the historical fabric can be used as a strategy to maintain, revitalize and restore the fabric, the aim of this study is to find a logical relationship between the level of social capital and environmental qualities in order to offer an urban approach of social capital and apply it as a functional tool in urban design and especially in retaining and revitalizing historical fabrics.In order to achieve the research goal, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique has been applied to quantify and assess the ultimate results of the urban qualities. The results of this study show the existence of a direct relationship between qualities of walkability and sociability and social capital as well as a dual relationship between the quality of permeability and social capital. The comparison of each pair of the above-mentioned factors also indicates that the relationships between the urban qualities and social capital are nonlinear. This is because of the influence of many other factors on social capital and the complexity of the relations between them.

In the past, most cities and villages located in mountainous, dry and warm climate in Iran were protected by fortresses. Every fortress was built with different construction materials for specific defense system in relation to surrounding geomorphology and climate. Residential, governmental and general city buildings were inside these fortresses and horticultural-agricultural zones were mainly outside the boundary of them. Therefore, the formation of watch towers in the vicinity of the fortresses was natural. Surroundings of Niasar were mainly controlled by two-story towers. This could be due to the flat nature of the geomorphology of the area.These towers were used for monitoring and alarming the residents in the region of the possible hazards and danger of invading enemies. This type of towers was mostly built in Safavid and beginning of Qajar dynasties, mainly for increasing assaults by local bandits such as Naeb Hosein-e Kashy (from Kashan).Presence of fortress, watch towers and other defense structures in Niasar created a unique military defense system that worked individually or in combination with other defense mechanisms. The very existence of such structures gave a sense of security to local farmers. Occasionally, these towers were used as a seasonal residence by some farmers. With regard to formation, structure, geomorphology and the construction materials, the studied watch towers are of three types. Village-towns such as Niasar, Noushabad, Aran and Bidgoal and the surrounding farms are where these towers located. Many watch towers are still alive and active and function as before. These towers are part of the scenery today and can be elements for sightseeing.

The area of Fin-e Koochak is six kilometers away from Kashan. Nowadays, this area is a part of the main city. However, from the point of view of formation procedure and spatial structure it was a separate residence area in the past. Due to pleasant environment and good weather, this area has accomodated royal residents all along its life. According to historical texts, Fin-e Koochak was considered as a countryside area for Kashan. Extensive changes in suburban areas during two decades have damaged some aspects and structures in Fin-e Koochak. The proximity of Fin to Kashan has caused some serious damages, too. As a result of having qanat and permanent water, these kinds of settlements with their gardens have always had spatial and environmental values. Today all of these values confront with widespread changes and serious damages. This article studies the pathology of environmental landscape in Fin area with an emphasis on city scape and image. Landscape analysis in residential area of Fin based on Paul D. Spreiregen and studying about the images of there among people based on Kevin Linch’s theory, are of major parts in current article. After that, the research findings will be compared to concepts and visual goals of designing based on Simon Bell. This will show how the destructions in a region can affect the main concepts through which it is formed beyond the structural and visual disturbances.

In this article, a new non-toxic inhibitory solution extracted from Camellia Sinensis (green tea) and its efficiency in 0.5 M NaCl are investigated.For this purpose, weight loss methods and polarization dynamics electrochemical methods are used. Also, the evaluation of patina changes in historical samples is performed. For this purpose, optical densitometry on patina, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) are applied. The results show very good inhibitory property of this solution.

Relative security and peacefulness at the age of Ilkhans and simultaneous with the formation of local governments in Yazd city resulted in a good atmosphere for the appearance of well-built constructions such as “Sayyed Roknoddin mausoleum” (Roknieh School), “Sayyed Shamsoddin mausoleum” (Shamsieh School), “Kamalieh School”), “Hussaynian Complex” (including the Hussaynian house or Taq-Bolandha and Gonbad-Hasht mausoleum), and “Shaykh Ahmad Fahhadan mausoleum”. Considering the Ilkhanid era as a golden age of Persian art and architecture among other Islamic countries, it should be stated that very little effort has done on studying mural painting materials and techniques of this luminous time.Considering the significant values of these five monuments and profiting by the exceptional opportunity for close study of mentioned paintings and decorations, the main goal of this research is the scientific study of above mentioned mural painting materials and techniques. In direct study of wall paintings it seems that the artist has used one of the following methods: tracing, transferring the design by paper pieces and using guidelines during the performance. According to the current study, no inorganic pigments were detected in decorations of five mentioned monuments. Similar to most common Persian wall painting traditions, here, the main stages of mural painting were detected: priming (different layers of intonaco), drawing (Tarh Andazi), fixing the design borders (Qors Kardan-e Tarh) and watercolor painting.Thus, the library and field studies were followed by performing necessary spot tests and using relevant instrumental methods of analysis.

History of art and cultural heritage associated with our handicrafts is overflowed with relics such as metallic needle works on historical fabrics which embellish private collections. Conservation and maintaining of such relics are among our duties. Most of these relics have lost their original consolidation, color, brightness and become darker, turbid and worn out. Appropriate methods are necessary to conserve and restore such textile and needle work. Thus, the effective factors and process of damage have to be studied.The main purpose of this research is to investigate technologically and pathologically the fabric of a piece of Ka’ba’s curtain and provide a way for its protection and repair. Due to the sanctity of Ka’ba, this fabric is of high historical, cultural and aesthetic values but the surface of Borgha has become dark and murky because of the pollution in the air and also application of metallic golden and silver needle work.In this research, observations and laboratory investigations are carried out by means of multidisciplinary methods such as fiber examination methods, ASS, microscopic and metallographic techniques as well as SEM. Accordingly, considering the principle of conservation, the best manner has been used for more durability and also restoration of this valuable relic for the museum presentation.According to this method, dry cleaning of the fabric and metallic needle work of the curtain was selected and used for consolidating the metallic golden and silver needle works of the fabric.