Maremat & memari-e Iran
Year:2017 | Volume:6 | Issue:12 |Papers Count:12

The synthetic polymers are widely used as adhesives, consolidants and protectivecoatings in the conservation of historic relics. Although, compared to the natural polymersand adhesives, these materials present a better resistance against the microorganisms, mostsynthetic polymers remain appropriate sources of Carbon and energy for the growth ofmicroorganism; in addition, the relics consolidated with these materials will still remainvulnerable to the microorganisms and fungi, leading to a sort of degradation whoseprogress will, nonetheless, be accelerated with the environmental factors and ultravioletlight. Therefore, preventing the microorganism from attacking the relics, as well asincreasing their impact resistance against the environmental conditions are necessary.In this study, in order to maintain the antifungal properties in PolyVinyl Butyral (PVB),TiO2 nanoparticles were employed; anatase-type TiO2 nanoparticles were used in PVB toprepare the nanocomposites. Also, the Samples were made of Poplar wood (Populus spp.)in accord with the Bravery guidelines, treated by the Titanium Dioxide nanocompositeunder vacuum conditions. Afterwards the samples were separately affected in the darkand under the daylight conditions by the wood white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) as adeterioration active, for the duration of seven weeks. The treated and untreated sampleswere placed under the accelerated aging condition (temperature, humidity and UV light).The results indicate that the wood samples treated with 1% of Nano-TiO2 (0.4g) in 5%PVB, placed in the dark, did not have any antifungal effect, while the amount of 2%(0.8g) could protect the wood against the white-rot fungus degradation in the darknessconditions. The inoculated samples with the amounts of 1%and 2% of Nano-Ti2O, inthe light conditions, could also create antifungal properties in the treated samples withnanocomposite, and protected the wood against the white-rot fungus. The acceleratedaging of the treated samples with consolidant without nanoparticles of Ti2O and the treatedones with nanocomposite under the heat, humidity and UV light conditions demonstratesthat the treated samples were protected against the degradation, ultraviolet light and theenvironmental conditions.

Although the learning approach is gradually changing from teacher-centered to studentcentered,the pattern of designing school in Iran still is following the inefficient approachof teacher-centered. Learning environments nowadays are being less formally timetabledand increasingly collaborative and socially participating oriented.Inductive reasoning has been applied in this qualitative study to compare the twolinear patterns of corridor-class and open schools as the representatives of the school’seducational approaches. The aim is comparing the performance of the two patterns basedon physical planning, developing multiple intelligence and learning methods. The resultsindicate that the pattern of common schools is a comparative advantage in the need forrequired infrastructure and thus less construction costs, but there are more limitations interms of its main goals which include providing the effective environment to developmultiple intelligence and a variety of teaching methods comparing to the street learningpattern.

Pathology is a crucial basis in the process of restoration of historical monuments. Soas just by an accurate pathology, a correct and effective restoration plan will be achieved.Amongst the various and different types of damages occurring in the historic monuments,Structural cracks in the walls are very important and considered as special issues thatcan endanger the stability and structural balance and speed up the process of destruction.These cracks are caused by disruptions in the stability and balance of walls and eachdisruptive factor usually leads to one crack. However, in some cases, after occurringinstability and cracks in a wall by a disruptive factor, it can be seen that with the growth ofcracks, secondary and new cracks have been formed. Therefore it is always the questionthat what kinds of changes in the static equilibrium of the wall and secondary cracks aredue to the formation of the first cracks. Therefore in answer to this question, the studyaimed to analyze the formation of secondary cracks in the walls without openings. Themethod is theoretical and static analysis and it is tried to provide examples through a fieldstudy to verify the results. According to the studies, secondary cracks do not occur whenordinary settlement in each of the two ends of a wall or almost the entire length of a walloccurs. Rather we see secondary cracks when the settlement has occurred in the middleof the wall or a long settlement has occurred at the beginning or end of the wall. And alsothe form of secondary cracks depends on the length of the settlement area in a wall andthe form of the first cracks.

Deterioration of historical porous materials as a result of crystallization of solublesalts is a well-known phenomenon. Optimizing the water consumption in desalinationof historical potteries is highly desirable due to safety and conservation of materials. Thepresent paper describes adoption of a response surface methodology (RSM) in centralcomposite design (CCD), through systematic changes in immersing system, to determinethe effective parameters of desalination process. The input parameters in the design wereconsisted of firing temperature, immersing time, agitation rate, type and concentration ofsurfactant. Electrical conductivity (EC) readings and Ca2+ ions concentration monitoringthrough atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in the rinse solution were responses ofthe experiments. The results of this research revealed that the most effective parameterson increasing the salt extraction are firing temperature, immersing time, and agitationrate. The accuracy of modeling optimal ions extraction has been validated by triplicateexperiments giving more than 85% conformity with the predicted data by RSM.

Following the increasing automobile dependency life style, there is a need for newpathways and roadways every day. That’s why the valuable buildings and historicalheritage located on the route of these paths are subject to demolition. Such recklessbehaviors which are just born out of a sort of thought and functional need, will give riseto form some unknown concepts of historical fabrics of the cities. The consequence ofthis ignorance has been resulted in blemishing the historical and cultural identity of theurban spaces in historical cities such as Isfahan. Amongst the most abnormal examples ofsuch measures, as it is the focus of this study, we can indicate the overnight destruction ofKhosro Agha historic public bathhouse in order to construct Hakim Street. The street, in astruggle to be constructed for many years, was seeking to demolish and isolate a valuableand historical building around Safavid Dolat Khane. This qualitative research, with ahistorical-descriptive approach based on library and field studies and aiming to make thearchitectural and historical lines of Khosro Agha historic public bathhouse recognizableand clear again, has described how Hakim Street has been constructed and how a partof the historical fabric of Isfahan has been torn down and the precious building of thisbathhouse has been destructed. Its major hypothesis is also to propose a revitalizationmethod for Khosro Agha historic public bathhouse referring to the remained documentsand according to the rules and regulations of conservation charters. Regarding the abovementioned issues, the result of this study is to emphasize the restoration of the downtroddenidentity of a part of our country’s architectural history in one of the scientific feasibilitystudied methods.

An integral feature of urban development is economic and symbolic value which hasbeen brought by cultural industries. A city, especially its historical center, acts as a set ofcultural resources that provide creative arena for cultural production and consumption,competing fields with each other, increasing city attractions for potential investment andimproving interaction with local communities and making a memorable place. In addition,the ability of this sector can be an important indicator for innovative capacities of otherparts of the city and its extensive economy in national and regional level.Cultural quarters based on innovation, flexibility, idea making and changeability canbe useful indicators for a set of extensive changes and affecting the city and quarter'seconomy and providing creative industries. Thus developing creative industries throughestablishing creative and cultural regions as a key for developing the region and changingthe landscape of historic quarters, is considered as the most important necessity of thispaper. The aim of this study was to explain a way along with developing creative economyin historical urban textures with an emphasis on cultural and historical themes, as wellas explanation of a creativity-based strategy to establish an integrated system of urbanregeneration and to achieve a new identity and improve the image of the city in competingfields, that has been studied with a qualitative approach and a descriptive and analyticalmethod based on a review of documents and evidences and explanation of the case study,leading to suggest explanation motives for a cultural quarter inside historic urban texturesin the case study-Lalezar.

Although nowadays the advancements in technologies and preservation methods haveled to effective conservation of historical and ancient glass works, it is still necessaryto develop much less-destructive methods in conservation practices. Rapid prototypingtechnique (RPT) in recent years has been increasingly implemented in Engineering,Medical, Industrial Design and Architecture fields. In this study the RPT- including 3Dscanning and 3D printing was investigated and implemented in reconstruction of missingparts of glass works. The reconstruction of a glass work with missing parts was consideredas the subject for this study. The ordinary methods for reconstraction of missing areas inhistorical glasses are moulding and casting away from the object gap-filling with resins, butin this new work the subject was scanned with an optical 3D scanner to be able to simulatethe object itself and its missing part in a 3D modeling software and then print by a 3Dprinter. The whole process was performed with minimum need to make physical contactwith the subject. Its potential in obtaining a less-destructive reconstruction procedure wasinvestigated and its advantages and limitations in comparison to traditional methods wereidentified. The results indicated that implementing RPT in reconstruction of the missingparts of glass works can lead to none or less-destructive treatment in working with ancientglass masterpieces. The reconstruction process can be achieved in a very short time andhigher accuracy and the printed piece can be an exact match of the main work. Severalpieces of the missing part or the whole subject can be printed. Soft copy of the subjectwould be available for future works and can be used in other research centers. The subjectcan be reprinted with any desired changes in the original design of glass work. It is alsoachievable to attach the printed piece to the main piece temporarily with keeping thepotential of reversibility in conservation of the object. And also the study was subjectto the following limitations such as: mono color printing of the missing piece, using apolymer as a printing material, limited transparency in printing filaments and minor errorsin the performance of the 3D scanner itself.

Kaaba known as Qibla and the focus point of Muslim people is of paramountimportance. Many scientists in the field of mathematics, astronomy and geographythroughout the Islamic world tried to find the exact methods and procedures todetermine the direction of Qibla. One of these methods is Hindi Circle used to determineQibla of mosques. Most often the scientists, scholars and astronomers gathered at the timeof a mosque construction and determined the mosque orientation by means of drawingHindi circle. Hindi Circle is based on the sun movement and the resulted data of thehoroscope. To better determination of the issue and sufficient knowledge of Hindi Circlemethod, Isfahan Jame mosque among Iranian-Islamic mosques have been chosen to bestudied. Following investigations on the deviation angle of Qibla in these mosques, ithas been found that the orientation of the mentioned mosques does not comply with thereal direction of Qibla and there is a deviation angle. The question here is that how thisdeviation is made in spite of the progresses Muslims made in determining Qibla. Did themethods of determining Qibla direction such as Hindi circle have low accuracy? In orderto answer this question Hindi circle method was analyzed based on the coordinates andnew and old data. Concerning the studies of some horoscopes and manuscripts, it wasconcluded that the coordinates and data are not the same in different periods and this isthe main reason of deviation from the actual direction of Qibla. In addition more accurateresults can be obtained if the Hindi Circle method is used at certain times of the year.

Three-dimensional tools are widely used for various purposes, particularly Threedimensionalprinters which play a great role in simplification and acceleration of phasesin production process for various fields ranging from medicine to industry.Due to the problems related to the reconstruction of missing parts in restoration ofhistoric glass objects in the methods of molding, casting and formation of reconstructedparts, the present research, aiming to propose an efficient method within this process hassuggested 3D printer as a tool with the least intervention and destruction and also highaccuracy and as a substitute to the current methods. Research questions are as follows:How is the condition of 3D reconstruction facilities for missing parts of glass objects inIran? What are the technical and practical advantages and disadvantages of 3D printerin this process? How is the strength and yellowing quality of suggested polymers forreconstruction?The research finalized through verifying both current and 3D technology methods forreconstruction of missing parts. The compared methods include: filling with Epoxy andalso Acrylic resin, Plexiglas and PETE methods as suggestions. Samples were tested foryellowing and Pin on disk. The results showed that Acrylic resin in 3D printer is a propersubstitute for reconstruction of the missing parts of glass objects, and Plexiglas using 3Dtechnology method (laser and CNC) is also ranked as the second.

Rasmi-bandi is one of the distinctive and original patterns in traditional architecturewhich provide the ceiling coverage. This domestic artwork represents the mastery ofIranian architects in geometry. Unlike the other architectural geometric ornaments such asYazdi-Bandi, Muqarnas, kaseh-sazi, Rasmi-bandi seeks an excellent order in the setting.Although appropriate setting is achieved for Rasmi-bandi during implementation bypreparing the impost experimentally, but there are some vague points in dimensionalsymmetry and the provided solutions are not efficient. This paper dealing specificallywith the setting of Rasmi-bandi derived from peripheral circles, firstly investigates thehistory of interaction between mathematicians and architects and the role of geometryin architecture and then by presenting the definition and the status of Rasmi-bandi andthe viewpoint of experts, deals with the formation of assorted types of Rasmi-bandi inperipheral circle and its analysis. Providing the frequency table of each type of Rasmibandi,providing dimensional asymmetry of Rasmi-bandi settings, and determining thegeometric system and the numerical relation among them are some of the findings of thisarticle.