Maremat & memari-e Iran
Year:2012 | Volume:1 | Issue:3|Papers Count:10

The town planning activities of Shah Abbas I are at the top of civil activities in the late Islamic era in Iran. The construction of Isfahan-Farh A’bad Saari is one of these activities. The midway royal residences are among the important buildings in this road. The king (Shah A’bbas I) ordered to construct these royal residences and he and other kings of this reign stayed in these royal residences when they were on trip to northern regions. By studying and locating these royal residences, this question is raised that why some of these buildings developed whereas the other ones were abandoned and destroyed in late Safavid period.In this article, after introducing three royal residences in the northern regions of Isfahan, the architectural structure of them is studied, and the reason behind their development and destruction is discussed. To reach such an aim, the Archaeo-Ecology approach is used.

In the regions with hot and arid climate, the wind catchers (Badgirs) not only lower the temperature but also can be considered as a kind of architectural symbol of the region. According to their basic function, which is to cool down buildings in summer, Badgirs usually are located in the nassar (summer seat), behind or beside the south Ivans (verandas). In some cities like Aghda, Ardakan and Meybod, houses have one-sided Badgirs north-faced to catch the pleasant winds.In order to understand the origin and evolution of Badgir in the Yazd-Ardakan houses, the oldest standing houses and monuments of the region have been probed. The houses of Ilkhanid and Timurid era do not have any Badgir in the form and shape that is known today, and the organization of the summer side consists of a narrow and lofty Ivan and a splendid room behind it so called Tanabi. It is necessary to mention that even the monuments belong to these eras did not have originally Badgirs. However, the literary texts of the time emphasized that the elite houses and monuments were equipped with Badgirs. Even in older texts the word Badgir or other words like Badghand, Badkhan, Badghas, which have the same meaning, can be found. But in the Safavid houses of Meybod, Badgirs are later additions. Although the typology of Safavid houses differ from Timurid, original Badgirs cannot be found in these houses.But in the houses of Zand and Ghajar dynasties, Badgirs represent as an outstanding symbol of desert architecture and the townscapes are characterized by the domination of Badgirs.Although the oldest Badgir dates back to the Zand era (Dulatabd monument dated to 1160 Hijri), there exist several cisterns (Abanbars) in this region dated back to 8th and 9th.

Protection and preservation of paper works against damaging factors is very important and essential. Due to the unique properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles against damaging factors, these particles are used for multi-protection and keeping safe of paper works. For this purpose, first, titanium dioxide nanoparticles are synthesized and coated to the surface of glass. Then, a box prepared by using these coated glasses for investigating the protecting effects of coated glasses, and the results of this coated box are compared with those of uncoated glass box as a blank. Filter paper (Whatman®) is used for these experiments in both boxes. The results of thermal, light and biological aging tests have proved that paper samples in the coated box show more tensile strength and less oxidation rate. Also, the discoloring rate in coated box for colored papers was much less than uncoated ones. And the biological test results show decreasing of fungus growth in the coated box.Due to these results, it can be said that titanium dioxide nanoparticles have an appropriate performance to reduce different environmental damaging factors as well as maintain historical paper works well.

Iranian major builders have used many different arches for building barrel vaults through the ages. Amongst them, the most common arch is called Panjohaft. Various drawing methods have been recorded for this arch with different geometrical and mathematical characteristics. Calculating the total number of bricks was one of the reasons for writing the book entitled Miftah al-Hisab by Ghyath al-Din Jamshid Kashani. This paper will present another method for the same issue. The paper also presents a new method for measuring the length of arches. Finally, the analysis has been made for various Panjohaft arches through mathematical and geometrical approaches and then various drawing methods have been compared together to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of each for different purposes.

In essence, architecture has various aspects among which the highest are artistic and scientific aspects. In its artistic aspect, ontology has special meaning and place. In ontological view, associated directly with intellectual perspective on the meaning, the structure of an educational system, especially in art, is prior to architecture education. It seems that intellectual perspective in which education occurs and, consequently, the structure of an educational system are affected by ontology. There are two views in architecture education taught to the students in architecture schools of this country: “Traditional View” and “Modern View”.“Traditional View”: In this perspective, architecture is the art of creation and directly associated with the ontology and beautiful creation which is needed for real existence. It means that a traditional person considers his creative talents as a gift from God. Thus, in the view of tradition or Traditionalism, architecture is known as an art of creation.“Modern View”: Although in this kind of architecture great architects believe in ontology, concepts are affected by pure Rationalism of modern world.In this article, it is tried to analyze and evaluate the role of architecture education from different views in intellectual system with regard to “Traditionalism” and “Modernism”, architect training and its effects on urban profile.

Studying intervention approaches in the urban fabrics shows their evolution and emphasis on revitalizing districts as urban cells in terms of sustainable development theory. These developments try to change two-dimensional viewpoint and sole physical attitude towards reformist and based on existing environmental capacities views. By proposing new intervention approaches in inefficient urban fabrics, Reformist views attempt to use all existing potentials in environment in order to develop and continue the life of inefficient urban areas. This is a descriptive – analytical article, using documental method to compile theoretical framework and its data is collected by questionnaires, interviews and considering all other required information from the studying sample. For data analysis, SPSS and Excel software are used. In terms of district-based planning, the present article tries to propose a model for identifying local assets and participation of residents in preparing the plan. By applying the proposed model in Bagh Azari district, this article suggests the organization plan in order to improve social interaction and good relations between residents and providing the district’s property maintenance by emphasis on spatial structure. This study shows that creating strong social networks in the form of local groups and communities and providing necessary conditions for making connection between residents help to solve urban problems as well as improve residents’ situation.

In Qajar period, due to ethnic interests and characteristics, and also because of continuing traditions of court, garden making was taken into consideration. In Tehran, which was the capital and the home town for the royals, a number of gardens were created by kings, courtiers and princes. Bagh-i Ferdows is one of those gardens which was established by one of courtiers near to Mohammadiyeh Palace, owned by Mohammad Shah. This garden was noteworthy for many years and the family of Moayer al-Mamalek and other owners tried to complete and improve it. The only survived parts of the garden are the mansion built by Doust Ali Khan-i Moayer al-Mamalek, which has been devoted to Cinema Museum, and some part of the garden around this building.Although the majority of garden’s parts have been separated and their land uses have been changed, it is possible to retrieve the original structure and form of the garden based on remained documents and texts. This paper tries to recognize the original features of the garden and its evolution over the time according to field researches and historical documents. Retrieving the original spatial structure and form was done based on studying different parts and elements of the garden, particularly in five categories, after an attempt to recognize the garden. Surrounding context and original and destroyed arena, the entrances and passages, remained trees, irrigation system and also significant buildings are those five categories. These categories and the information derived from them, which in some cases present an image of the garden structure, all together create a true perception of general form of the garden.