Maremat & memari-e Iran
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:15 |Papers Count:14

Today, the issue of crisis management and precautionary protection is one of the most important challenges in the Historical Sites and Monuments, especially in the World Heritage Sites of Iran which have been registered in the UNESCO list. This paper, at first identifies the involved factors in the crisis management and precautionary protection in Persepolis World Heritage Site and its three humbling sepulchers that were registered on the UNESCO’ s World Heritage List in 1979, and also analyzes the coming strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the mentioned area. This study investigates the internal and external factors including the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities by using SWOT method. In this research by drawing SWOT Matrix, WT strategies (strategies against internal weaknesses and external threats), ST (using internal strengths to minimize the external threats), WO (overcoming internal weaknesses by exploiting external opportunities), SO (using internal strengths to exploit external opportunities) are studied and examined, and the strategies are prioritized by forming QSPM Matrix. It is noteworthy to say that the mentioned results are suggested to use in the optimal management of Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam sites, that this method can be used in other historical sites by applying the obtained pattern.

Residential buildings are recognized as the main consumer of materials in construction industry. The proper and systematic selection of materials for the residential building facade will have a positive effect on various fields such as economic, environmental, and social-cultural, in addition to maintain the quality of architecture. Maybe, at first glance, choosing from the range of materials seems simple, but by reviewing the results that the weak choices have caused in various fields for the quality of architecture, we will notice the complex influenced and being influenced dimensions regarding the material selection. This study aims to determine the involved factors in the process of selecting the materials and defining their relationships in order to have a correct selection. A material selection model can be created for the residential buildings in the hot and dry climate of Iran by the systematic explanation of these relationships so as to be used by the designers and users. This study is carried out by using analytical methods in the field of Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and also specific questionnaires to gather the experts’ opinions about the defined influencing factors in this process. After determining the importance of the criteria in the exports’ opinion, the final weight of the criteria was obtained by using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and finally the tree of hierarchy process of the criteria for selecting the materials for the residential building facade are presented and described.

In the process of restoration of historical monuments, pathology is necessary and unavoidable before preparing the restoration plan. In other words, accurate and correct pathology will determine the success of the restoration plan. Pathology process is an analytical issue which should be based on strong and correct arguments in order to achieve the desired result. The damages that require reasoning and analytical studies include the cracks which were caused due to subsidence in the walls. Balance of forces of the building is disturbed by subsidence and subsequently, cracks are created. On the other hand, wall cracks can also endanger the stability and balance of the building structure in addition to cause instability by the subsidence, and accelerate the process of destruction by reducing the resistant cross-section of the wall. Therefore, analytical and static study of cracks caused by subsidence in the walls has a special and important place. For this reason, a number of researchers set to study and static analysis of cracks caused by the subsidence. They have obtained ratios and computations based on the length of the subsidence and height of the wall without opening to detect and analyze. But the question always is whether obtained equations will suffice to analyze the cracks caused by subsidence in the walls without opening? In other words, are there any other types of subsidence and equations that have not been studied so far? So in answer to the question above, this study aimed to find new equations to expand and complement the existing computations in the cracks caused by subsidence in the walls without opening. The research method in this study is theoretical and static analysis and it is tried to be in connection with the studies of other researchers. According to this study another mode of subsidence can be considered in addition to other states which have been studied by other researchers. New equations and ratios were obtained with appropriate definition and static model analysis and consequently it was found that cracks form depends on the length of the subsidence.

Environments where children will be present are effective in the formation of personality, the child's behavior and his all-round development. The researchers have concluded that the experience of recreation and play is effective in preparing children for effort, problem-solving and creative activities. There are spaces in the current child’ s environment that do not give the children a chance to think and question, and learn from the environment. This study investigates the play space of children aged 6 to 12 years old, considers the needs of the children in these spaces and finds the solutions to design a pleasant environment for the children’ s favorite plays and entertainments, so that the play space will be effective for enhancing the children’ s creativity. The mixed methods research is used to achieve the mentioned purposes, and the drawings of 60 children aged 6 to 12 years old (the children’ s notion of favorite and fun play spaces) in two groups of girls and boys, and also the children’ s behavior are evaluated and analyzed by using the software of Atlas Ti. The results show how the children imagine their favorite play space, so some design solutions of the children’ s play space can be offered towards enhancing their creativity to create a more favorable atmosphere in the children’ s play space by considering these needs and combining them with the solutions of the previous researches regarding the promotion of the children’ s creativity. These solutions include natural elements (nature), animals, furniture, view, visual details, various spaces (open, mid-open, close), various plays (individual and group), considering the age and gender groups, and providing free conditions for the children.

Position is a part of space whose identity is defined based on the features of on which it is located and it is a space that is meaningful for a person or some people. David Canter explained the relationship between human and space, and considers its extension to the physical realm to be significant. The main axis of the place theory is a model that represents the relationship between the constructive factors of each place and includes the physical characteristics of the environment, activities, and meaning. The question raised up here is how the grant application process and matching the human activities with the architectural body are recognized and implemented by considering the specific features and conditions of each set, and how the integrated whole can be made by creating a convergence between the constituent components of a historical building? The main purpose of this study is paying attention to the necessity of the revival of historical houses as a place and the case study is Molasadra historical house in Kahak, Qom. The main perspective of the authors of this article is a case study in which it is attempted to collect the data by means of historical interpretive method to make a better understanding of Molasadra house and its potential capabilities are based on the Canter’ s position model that necessitate the three elements of meaning, activity and body to identify a place and define adaptive applicatory features with the meanings of historical building. In this regard, a suitable application for the historical complex of Molasadra is under the title of knowledge and philosophy school of thought, this applicatory does not make a new meaning but adapts with the meaning of the building, and it includes the factors of body, meaning, and activity according to the Canter’ s position model.

The challenge of preservation and development is one of the main challenges of the historical cities, which will have newer and wider aspects in parallel with the advancement of preservation knowledge and the extension of the related concepts. This paper seeks to answer the following questions; How the holistic approach of Historic Urban Landscape can be effective in solving the preservation and development challenge in non-historical cities? Can the current pattern of integrated preservation and development be accountable, or a model is required to be accountable for the void and weaknesses of the current model? For this purpose, first the Historic Urban Landscape concept, as a new approach in conservation of urban heritage, is analyzed. After that, the role of change management concept in integrated approach of conservation and development is determined and reveals the necessity for a paradigm shift in order to fix its shortcomings. Accordingly, the evolution process of conservation and development approaches is classified into two main steps, the separate approach and the integrated approach. Then, the Ideal Approach is introduced as a comprehensive approach that provides the possibility of balancing conservation and development approaches using the concept of change management and through the selfrefining cultural filter of indigenous people. The proposed paradigm shift of this paper, by benefiting from the components of flexibility, dynamism and process-orienting, is formed in defining the self-refining cultural filter and paves the way for moving towards the Ideal Approach by which the conservation and development approaches would be like a single action with maximum compliance and compatibility.

Sense of belonging as the ennoble sense among people with common goals, contains interests and attachments of individuals to the place, places with the qualities of belonging sense have distinct atmospheres that remain on the individuals mind and make them to return to these places. Trying to give sense of belonging to citizens’ settlements is a relatively new method in public urban spaces management which aims to transform boring and abandoned spaces to vibrant and high quality places. The old texture of Gorgan as the main core of the city is facing many problems that a part of these problems is due to the decrease of inhabitants’ sense of belonging to the places. Finding the constituent factors of the sense of belonging and the position of historical textures of Gorgan is important. Therefore, Effective norms are gathered by using library studies, and they are also weighted by using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). In the next step the assessed statements through questionnaires in the neighborhoods were analyzed, and the obtained results were ranked by using TOPSIS method. The results indicate that regarding the examined norms of sense of belonging, the most important factors are vitality, attachment to place, satisfaction of place and the collective memories, respectively. The results of rating by TOPSIS model indicate that the neighborhoods of Sarcheshmeh (0. 681), Naalbandan (0. 662), Pasarve (0. 625), and Dabaghan (0. 533) have got the most final score of sense of belonging. On the other hand, the neighborhoods of Baghepalang and ShazdeGhasem, Mirkarim and Chaharshanbeyi have got the least final scores. The neighborhoods of Sarcheshemeh, Naalbandan, and Pasarve with the high sense of belonging are located in the historical texture places, which have the most vitality, and a set of various activities that is active all the time is established in these places. In assessing the sense of belonging, subjective dimensions (collective memories, attachment, and dependency to place), and activities (satisfaction and vitality) have had the most influences in assessing the sense of belonging to historical texture of Gorgan.

Identification of structural woods in historical buildings has a great importance in technological study of applied components. In this regard, seven historical buildings located in provinces of Alborz, Isfahan and eastern Azerbaijan related to Safavid and Qajar periods have been assessed. Samplings of the structural woods of the historical buildings were done, in such a way that this issue did not cause any visual and mechanical damages to the structures. Samples were prepared based on IAWA standard to provide microscopic sections. Investigating the microscopic sections of all samples showed the characteristics that conform to the anatomic properties of Salicaceae family and Populus genus. By considering the geographical range related to the studied samples close to places of Populus albaL and Populus nigra L, it can be said that these samples are likely to be one of these two types. These types which are considered as the fast growing and native trees of Iran have straight woods, fine and monotonous textures, and also low density, so they have had different applications from the past. They were used in the architectural structures in the past due to their short period of exploitation, accessible, lightness, appropriate physical characteristics, ability to withstand high mechanical stress. This matter indicates that the architectures with the proper experimental knowledge of the physical characteristics of these woods used them in the structures.

It goes without saying that for enhancing the health and development of the urban community and every individual member of the society, the physical and social components should work together in the streets of a livable city. These streets are known as the heart of the social life, and also as a place for providing social needs of citizens. Concerning the modern lifestyle and allocating a main part of people’ s time to outdoor activities, it seems necessary to provide social needs in urban spaces, especially streets. This paper is carried out with the purpose of complicating a theoretical model of social vitality in streets. The question under discussion is “ The theoretical model of street’ s social vitality includes what components and variables? ” The research method is correlation type of confirmatory factor analysis. This method is used to confirm the coordination between data and a certain factor structure (theoretical research model). The study of the Sepah St., located in the historic center of Isfahan, with a good level of social vitality, has been done to confirm the research factor model. The field method (questionnaire) is used for collecting data and confirmatory factor analysis in the Amos Graphic software is utilized to test the model. The conclusion to be drawn is that compiled factor model has fit well with data and there is a meaningful relationship between the design elements shaping the quality of social vitality and the related variables on Sepah Street. Accordingly, the quality of social vitality consists of three components of urban design: experimentalaesthetic, functional and environmental components. Experimental-aesthetic component includes variables of “ transparent walls of street, community control, lighting, context congruency, flooring and furniture” . Environmental component consists of variables of “ smell of the environment, seating position, desirable shading, Cleanliness of the environment, noise pollution and public green spaces” , and finally variables of functional component comprises of accessing to public transportation, parking spaces and also mix using.

Education, obtaining and expanding it among religious minorities; particularly among Armenians, has attracted great interest in the contemporary period. Due to the geographical location and unique features of Isfahan on the one hand, and the existence of Jolfa Quarter and Armenians as well as other religious minorities on the other hand, this city has always been the center of attention by the western countries and religious minorities outside Iran. The importance of this research is that the beginning of evolution in education and shaping of modern contemporary schools in Isfahan has roots in establishing Armenian and other Christians’ schools in this city and their precedence in this regard compared to Muslims’ schools. This research aims to familiarize with religious minorities’ schools (Armenians and French missionaries) as the first established schools with the new method in Isfahan, and also carry out a Comparative survey of architecture in samples of Armenian schools in Jolfa Quarter of Isfahan with French missionaries’ schools in this city. The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytical-Comparative. The results obtained in this research are divided into two general sections. The first section is in relation to historical evolution leading to the creation or establishment of schools. This section is itself subdivided into two groups: the first group includes factors or people who had a role in creating and shaping modern Armenian schools in Jolfa that we can refer to the role of churches, shaping of renaissance in Europe, the relationship between Armenians inside Iran with European and East Asian countries through economic activities and financial support of Armenians inside and outside the country. The second group comprises factors related to the creation and establishment of schools by French missionaries. In this regard, the French government’ s policy to expand its influence in Iran culturally and through religious teachings is among the most important factors. The second section is related to the stylistics of architecture of contemporary schools of religious minorities in Isfahan. The architectural style in these buildings is mostly a mixture of Iranian classical traditional architecture and western classical architecture.