Tibbi- i- kar
Year:2015 | Volume:7 | Issue:2|Papers Count:10

Introduction: Students in the elementary school they are a vulnerable group. Creating healthy environment has a very important effect on their health, and improves their performance. Physical factors in the classroom are one of the major factors contributing to the protection and promotion of children's health. This study aimed to evaluate the physical factors including lighting, temperature and humidity as important environmental factors in primary schools.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in 2013 in 115 classrooms in Qom province. Illumination was measured at the central stations with dimensions of 2×2 meters in 24 inches height an above ground level. Relative humidity and temperature measured in five points of each class in one meter height a above ground level. All measurements were done between 9 am to 15 pm in spring. The results were analyzed using SPSS software.Results: The results showed that the minimum national standard was not supplied in 13% of the classes. The average of illumination was between the minimum and recommended standard in 68.7% of classes. The temperature in 15.7% of the classes was in the recommended range temperature. The average of relative humidity was 30.43%. Both temperature and relative humidity were in the standard range only in 7% of studied classrooms.Conclusion: In a large number of classes in elementary schools, some of the physical factors affecting the health and performance of students were not favorable. So, it required proper appropriate planning to improve the conditions.

Introduction: Currently, work- related accidents are considered as the third cause of death in the world, also, the second leading cause of death in Iran and one of the most important risk factors of health, social, economic and industrial societies The aim of this study was investigation of work- related accidents using OSHA in wood paper industeries in MazandaranMethods: The study was longitudinal. Event registration forms were used for evaluating work- related accidents in the period from 1386 to 1391. For incidents recording the indicators such as OSHA (F.R), (S.R), (F.S.I), (A.R), (I.R), (coefficient T-safe), (UCL & LCL), (LTC), (LWD) were used For data analysis, SPSS version 17, Chi-square test, and odds ratios were used.Result: Total number of recorded incidents were 218 cases. The high rate of repeat incidents, accident severity, and the coefficient of repeatability-severity in these years related to the year 1388. that were (3.019), (391.94), (1.088), respectively. the maximum value of T-safe ratio was 9.53, in the year 1388. The scale (UCL & LCL) with standard values (UCL & LCL) showed that the year 88 were 166 and8.49, respectively. The highest coefficient (LWD), (LTC), (A.R) and (I.R) were (391.94), (1.68), (3.65%) of (0.000015) In this study, age, place of event, employment status and location of the event with The incident type and location of the event, month, and type of event, age and type of event, place or type of accident were significant.Conclusion: Most injuries were cuts and bleeding and then bruising. Most of the injured member were feet. Based on the type of incident, falling from heights were the most repeated accidents. For the age groups of 30-45 years, the highest incidents were reported.

Introduction: Due to the increase of public concern about physical and psychological effects of radiation on the health of cell phone users, the present study aimed to determine the general exposure to microwave propagation in different types of cell phones in different user conditions.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the effective intensity of microwave radiation from cell phone was measured in different user conditions such as during contact, conversation short message and Bluetooth. A Microwave meter (model HI 2200), which was made by Holaday Co. was used to measure radiation according to the standard method No.C93.5. Shielding effectiveness of anti-radiation covers for cell phones during call was also determined.Results: The effective intensities of microwave radiation emitted by cell piones were 51.4±31.6 mW/cm2, 42.7±30.9 mW/cm2, and 8.6±7.1 mW/cm2, 1.3±0.2 mW/cm2 during contact, conversation, short message and bluetooth, respectively, which were lower than the exposure limits.There was not statistical difference between the intensities of microwave radiation of cell phones based on the producer companies (p-value>0.05). There was a significant correlation between specific absorption rate and microwave intensity of cell phones (p-value<0.01).Conclusion: Although the microwave intensities of cell phones were lower than the exposure limits, however, in the absence of conclusive evidence on the health effects of radiation exposure on humans, it seems to be necessary to inform users about health risks, reduce conversation time as much as possible and use standard cell phone covers.

Introduction: The workplace is considered as a strategic location for physical, social and especially mental health promotion. Mental health problems and job stress or strain, each, can cause individual damage and decline in organizational performance. This study was designed and performed to determine the association between mental health and job strain among office workers who were working in Qom province.Methods: During a cross-sectional study, 1500 office workers in Qom using multi-stage cluster sampling were selected. To assess mental health and job strain in this study population, the data were collected through questionnaires including General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and job content Questionnaire (JCQ).Results: According to the GHQ‑28 scores, 17.1% of study populations was suspected to have mental health problems in four subscales including; 12.8% in Somatic symptom disorder, 13% in anxiety/insomnia, 7% in social dysfunction and 16% in severe depression. Job strain in 28% of office workers was classified as high, 26.6% passive, 23.7% active and in 21.7% was low. Most of people with mental health problems had high job strain (40%).Conclusion: Near one sixth of office workers were suspected to mental health problems. Most of people had high or passive job strain that both considered as undesirable conditions and employees with low job strain had better mental health.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the noise pollution and determine the dominant noise source in air production plant of a petrochemical industry, and also it aimed to evaluate the effect of encapsulation of noise source on its overall noise level.Methods: The first step, the environmental noise measurement was done to measure the levels of noise pollution in air units of a petrochemical industry. Then, in order to determine the dominant noise source of each air units, isosonic curves were drawn. In the third phase, the efficacy of encapsulation method was selected as the best way to reduce the sound pressure level SPL of the main source (Dryer) of This unit.Results: Results of the assessment of environmental noise revealed that the average sound pressure level in all of the air production plant was calculated over than 88.9 dB A. Considering hazard zone at isosonic curve, it was obvious that in the location of Dryer machinery, sound pressure level has increased more and SPL has been measured to 100 dB A. Compressed air dryer, was known as the main noise source. According to the efficacy of conventional methods of noise control, considering the dryer’s frequency analysis, and the condition of the unit sound enclosure was chosen as the best engineering control of noise. It was predicted that by providing the sound enclosure, overall sound pressure level will be reduced about 19.4 dB A.Conclusion: However, more than half of the investigated unit was in caution zone , the various problems of exposure to these noise level can reveal in the short term or long term. So, in order to prevent the auditory and non-auditory effects of noise, it is necessary to provide appropriat measures to implement control projects on the other resources, which made noise in this petrochemical industry.

Introduction: Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with similar physical and chemical characteristics. Benzene and ethyl benzene are known carcinogen as well as they affect the circulatory, nervous, and reproductive and respiratory systems. Toluene and xylene also damage the nervous and reproductive systems. The most important objective of this study was to determine the risk of occupational exposure to benzene and toluene compounds among gas stations workers, selected randomly in Kerman and also calculate the quantitative rate of cancer and non-cancer risk of these compounds.Methods: In this empirical and analysis study, 54 workers in six gas stations (of the suburbs and downtown) were selected randomly. The qualify of the air that the workers breathed were collected at three times; in the morning at, noon and night at which at one of three times, in each gas stations, the fuel was discharged from the tanker to the station tank. Air samples were gathered based on standard of NIOSH 3800 by sampling pump manufactured by SKC Co. England with a flow rate of 0.5 liters per minute. These samples transported to the laboratory and analyzed by gas chromatograph with Flame Ionization Detector (FID).Results: The cancer risk for workers exposed to benzene was calculated in the range of 1.11×10-2-8.22×10-4 and 1.30×10-3-2.75×10-5 and a quantitative non-cancer risk values for Toluene were also calculated in the range of 0.699-0.217.Conclusion: occupational exposure of workers at gas station to Benzene, Toluene compounds might increase the risk of cancer in them.

Introduction: human, road, vehicle and environment factors are consider to have effect on driving accidents. Among these, one of the important statistics about accidents and injuries was the role of human factors in 90-70 percent of all accidents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of human error in accidents among the terminals. drivers in Yazd.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2013; The participants were the drivers of transport terminals in Yazd. The number of subjects was 300 drivers that were selected by random method. A multi-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics, and the information related to drivering, as well as human error using the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) were applied.Results: The rate of unintentional violations were caused by careless and distracted driving was that represented the proper culture of this community. There was a significant relationship between the rate of errors and driving speed while driving in a landslide (0.03, P<0.04) Also, there was a significant relationship among some items such as age, work experience, types of drivers licenses, the amount of kilometers of driving per week and per year, The average and the maximum of driving speed with the rate of offences.Conclusion: The main results of this study showed that a large number of drivers did not commit traffic violations intentionally and most of them were done carelessly.

Introduction: The use of tables and chairs in a period of time with poorly designed not only causes interference in physical development, but also hinders the learning and the lack of focus. In this study, the satisfaction level of students in hygiene, nursing, and paramedical faculties were determind in the use of non-ergonomic chairs ergonomic chairs.Method: This is a cross-sectional study. 126 people in 2012 Satisfaction School students, nurses and paramedical staff in the use of non-ergonomic chairs and ergonomic chairs than usual using a questionnaire of 34 questions designed by the researchers, evaluation and analysis analyzed.Results: The results showed that the students' satisfaction with ergonomic chairs in 3 size back seats, front seat inclination and elbow crutch as compared to non-ergonomic chairs more. In contrast, non-ergonomic chairs, student satisfaction the suitability of the slope between the seat cushion and seat ergonomic chair more. On the basis of satisfaction than students in the two groups of chairs ergonomic chairs, ergonomic and non-significant differences were observed. Ergonomic chairs also experience back pain in 60.3 users and non-users of ergonomic chairs which was 54 percent according to the survey results were not significant.Conclusion: Overall, the results of ergonomic chairs, non-ergonomic chairs, satisfaction has brought more students. However, it needed some improvements in ergonomic chairs. These amendments modify the slope between the seat cushion and the seat can be noted.

Introduction: Pregnant employees demand special attention from their employers and themselves. In this study, the focus is on the interaction between pregnancy and occupation.Methods: This study was a review article. Authentic articles, sites and books on occupational medicine, fitness for work and obstetrics were used. This study consisted of different parts including: definition of terms, the importance of issue of pregnancy in employees, pregnancy changes that affect fitness to work, some special considerations, prescription of occupational specialist during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and postnatal issues.Results: The workplace hazards to the pregnant employees were factors that were harmful to the health or safety of the mother and/or fetus. These hazards included: physical, chemical, biologic, psychologic and ergonomic-hazard. Pregnancy made changes in fitness of pregnant employees. After delivery attention to the mothers was required, too.Conclusion: After identifying the risks at each workplace, appropriate methods of control could be used. Control of these routine hazards, and vaccinations, were the duties of the occupational physician for pregnant employees.