JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABILITY, DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENT
Year:2021 | Volume:2 | Issue:2|Papers Count:6

With the advancement of three-dimensional seismic exploration technologies, horizontal drilling, and hydraulic fracturing, the exploration and production of unconventional hydrocarbon resources have become profitable. The environmental problems of the development of three main groups of unconventional oils, including oil shale, oil sands, and extra heavy crude oil, have been evaluated. The use of unconventional hydrocarbon resources has significant environmental hazards for the planet that must be clearly identified. Although these resources are important in terms of economics and energy security, environmental issues are the most critical challenge for the future of the industry. This descriptive-analytical survey study employed data from databases, United States government data resources, and literature review. The development of unconventional energy sources has significant environmental effects on water, air, land, and communities that need to be discussed. Land degradation, waste generation, water consumption, and hazardous wastewater production, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, ecological threats, and biodiversity damage are among the most noticeable complications. Sustainable development is dependent on the management of environmental costs. Discussion and Conclusion: The enactment and implementation of efficient environmental laws and the enforcement of appropriate standards can be effective in reducing the destructive effects on ecosystems and in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

At a time when access to natural environments in urban spaces is decreasing day by day, designing a suitable space that can meet the needs of people, especially children, to nature and close relationship with it will certainly have a significant impact on psychological and personality dimensions as well as culture to protect It will have nature and environment. According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, naturalistic intelligence is one of the nine types of intelligence in children, the development of which will depend on increasing the child's relationship with the surrounding nature. In fact, the principle of nature experience by children and the need to plan to create a bed for this experience for urban children, provides an opportunity to increase communication with nature, and the purpose of this article is to develop principles and indicators for designing a children's park to cultivate nature intelligence. It will be oriental. The present study is an applied and qualitative research with an analytical and descriptive approach that examines the theories of researchers and explains the relationship between them. The research data will be collected using library studies and the collected data will be analyzed and retrieved using the document analysis technique. The research data will be collected using library studies and the collected data will be analyzed and retrieved using the document analysis technique. Based on the studies, by introducing the characteristics and needs of children, especially children 6 to 12 years old, the factors affecting the development of children's naturalistic intelligence are presented and then the general principles and criteria for designing children's play spaces are summarized and presented. Finally, based on the principle of nature experience and other studies, models have been proposed to design a child park in accordance with the characteristics and needs of children to cultivate naturalistic intelligence in them. The results of this study will make it possible to make decisions in order to create opportunities for increasing the child's relationship with nature and institutionalizing a culture of respect for nature and environmental protection in urban spaces from an early age.

The preservation and protection of the environment is not only concerning one or two countries, but it is also a phenomenon which the whole world will be affected by. Applying the Delphi method and with the use of experts’ opinions, six indicators have been considered effective in the sustainable environmental development status of Iran. In order to study the sustainable environmental developmentin terms of the six selected indicators (per capita internal fresh water resources, water productivity, energy source usage, electricity generation sources, access to electricity, CO2 emissions) for 186 countries the data were extracted from the World Bank. This research aims to investigate the status of Iran based on the six selected indicators in the environment field and to define the place of Iran among other countries of the world using the clustering method. Then it tries to recognize the most similar countries to Iran during the last 18 years in terms of their sustainable environmental developmentstatus. The findings of the research show that from the perspective of sustainable environmental development indicators Iran was in the same clustering with Vietnam the most since they have come into one category 13 times during 1996 and 2016; and after that the being in the same clustering was related to Iraq and Armenia as they have been in one category 12 times; and 11 times with Venezuela and 9 times with Syria, Argentina, Egypt and Albania. Besides, after observing the selected six indicators of sustainable environmental development, it was determined that from the aspect of the indicators of “ CO2 emissions” and “ per capita internal fresh water” Iran is not in a good condition among the countries which have been in the same clustering with. Eventually, based on the findings of this research, some suggestions are presented for future studies.

In this study, to the investigation of land use change trend in Mahidasht plain watershed, first, land uses of land in the region were provided by satellite imagery and user map of past years, and then was calculated the percentage of changes in the level of each application. Satellite images taken from Landsat 8, 7 and 5 satellites and for three time periods (1987, 2000, 2016), which were provided by international references. All map corrections were performed in ENVI 5. 3 and ARC GIS 10. 2 software. The results of this study showed that in the first period of the study (1987), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1558. 63 Km 2 and the smallest area was the Residential area with an area of 15. 77 2 Km. Also in the second period (1987-2000), the largest area of land use was for Rain fed land with an area of 1465. 74 Km 2 and the smallest area belonged to residential land with an area of 19. 44 2 Km. Whereas in the third period (2000-2016), the largest area of land use was Irrigated lands with an area of 1054. 60 Km2, and then the uncoated lands with an area of 1050. 62 km 2 and the smallest area related to Residential land with area 22. 51 Km 2. During the period from 2000 to 2016, the largest change was observed in Rain fed lands to Irrigated lands, and the area of uncoated lands and Residential lands also increased significantly.

Waste materials are produced as a result of human activity and work. Population growth and rising living standards increase the quantity of these substances. In other words, solid waste is an integral part of human life. The growth of technology and more use of natural resources and energy conversion has increased the size and complexity of solid waste production. These wastes must somehow move away from human habitation or re-enter the material and energy cycle. Today, irrational disposal of waste in addition to many disorders of the ecosystem and the emergence of many dangers in the world. Therefore, it is appropriate to take basic steps in this field to protect the environment and reduce economic losses. In this study, to achieve general and specific goals, the information collected in the two sections was information related to experts and residents of the two areas of Tehran. Design and Methods: First, Excel software was used to store and analyze information. In this way, the data were entered into Excel software and analyzed, and finally displayed in the form of tables and graphs by regions, and then the criteria and sub-criteria set by experts that the data were collected through a questionnaire. It has been analyzed using super decisions software. The risk assessment form examines three criteria of environmental, safety, and health in two regions 5 and 22, each of which is effective in terms of safety, health, and the environment with weights in both regions 5 and region 22 of Tehran. The main environmental criteria in Zone 5 and the main safety criteria in Zone 22 are the high weight. Risk assessment form (HAZID method) is the environmental criterion of region 5, the highest risk number with 540 is related to dredging activity, washing elements, sweeping, administrative affairs, and in the risk assessment form (human, capital, and credit) safety criterion And the health of region 5, the highest number of risk with the amount of 900 is allocated to the activity of washing elements, labor housing, and risk assessment form (human, capital, and credit) safety and health criteria of region 22 of Tehran, the highest risk number with 3000 amounts related to waste depot activity Dry at the station for recycling, separation, and transfer of waste. In the proposed model, the criteria are ranked by the Minister of Standards of region 5 and region 22. Unlike other studies, in this study, the network analysis process method was used to reduce uncertainty and ambiguity, and also because the weights used were obtained by groups that, in addition to having academic knowledge, have practical experience in the field. Investment, teaching methods of financing and investment, as well as being completely familiar with the environment of region 5 region 22, has a relative validity, which is another feature of this study. Finally, it is suggested that in future studies, the proposed method be used to evaluate other industries and regions of Tehran or other cities, and other criteria can also be used.

Public Participation in the activities of tactical decisions-urban management is so important. For this to purpose, the social participation of citizens in the neighborhoods of Tehran city management has been discussed. Survey research method is quantitative. Statistical population of 3 314 112 3 quarters of the Tehran municipality were selected through cluster sampling and sample size (multistage), respectively. 424 questionnaires distributed in the neighborhood of the sample were analyzed and inferences. The period of the study occured in 1390, and the area where the neighborhoods of Tehran, 3 (GUI, Pharmacology, Amanollah Regime, second door, optional) in the covers. Data obtained by the test (a test sample and T) review and described Neighborhood is "indicated satisfaction with the services and facilities management is relatively low. Participation in the activities of tactical decisions Astratzhyky-urban management. Citizen participation is a way to reduce the problems of urban planning. De Tocqueville active citizenship and citizens' participation in the experience of the duties of the government and the people, the scope and limits of the rights of others increases.