RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2016 | Volume:6 | Issue:21|Papers Count:7

Abounovas is of unique character who has always stimulates old and new critics to battle against each other as far as each person makes a character for him based on their understanding and special orientation instead of discovering his true character. To recognize his real character, however, his biography must be reread and to have a correct and real conclusion we have to refer to reliable sources and to avoid psychological analyses that are understood based on appearance of his Khamriat (poems describing wine) since poetry of a poet is not necessarily his personal biography. The present study aims to criticize in detail views of contemporary critics because many of them have tried against all scientific, literary and historical standards to deem Abounovas' Khamriat as his autobiography, creating a strange character called Abounovas according to their interpretation of Khamriat, a character who is mostly impossible in reality, specifically a scholar such as Abounavas.

Irony is a mysterious communicative language between writer and reader and among its beauties, brevity and oddity and duality of meaning can be referred to. So it is considered as one of the best means of interpretation in an indirect way to reform society. This article elaborates on irony in terms of language and terminology with emphasis on the most important available works in this area. Then it investigates elements of irony and its objectives. Finally ironical manifestations are pictured in "Leman Naqnni" ode by Ahmed Abdol Almo'ti Hijazi. This ode is like a drama in which irony relies on ambiguity and complexity. Sometimes it is described as simplicity and sometimes as negligence. In this poem the poet with hope of reforming society, applies various types of verbal, dramatic, and musical irony to describe the situation being dominant in Egypt in which cry for liberalism has been suppressed.

No doubt Nahj Al-balaghah is one of the greatest religious books after Holy Quran and its content including sermons, letters, and philosophies serve as a bright light that guides humans and they find path to growth and guidance with its light beam. This place is because Nahj Al-balaghah was inspired by contents of Quran and the Prophet's tradition. Imam Ali reflects rhetoric and eloquence in his speech with most beautiful and amazing form but over time, some people doubted nobility and content of Nahj Al-balaghah which Doubt in Volume of Nahj Albalaghah and Prolongation Existence in Imam's Speech is among verbal or shape doubts proposed in this respect and some sermons such as Al-Qase'aeh, Al-ashbah, and Imam's letter to Al-malik Al-ashtar Nakhaee have been criticized for being lengthy and prolixity and with this reason that during early Islam and Imam Ali's era, this method in prolixity and lengthy speeches was not popular and experienced. This article aims to respond this doubt using analytical- descriptive method and different reasons including proving history of long sermons during Imam Ali's era and proportionality of prolixity and brevity in speech based on era atmosphere of speaker or listener and also place and condition of delivering sermon. So this was concluded that different factors have influenced prolixity in imam's speech for example imam's letter to Al-malik Al-ashtar has been generally written in fact for all rulers and governors and Al-malik has been addressed specially as a ruler and importance of subject is the ground for prolixity and lengthiness of Imam's speech.

Ayatollah Mohammad Hossein Gheravi Isfahani known as Compani is one of the contemporary famous scholars and mystics and the author of Arabic poems of divan Al-anvar Al-ghodsieh, entitled as Moftagher. In his Persian and Arabic divan there are many poems in praise of prophet Mohammad's family among which is his long Arabic panegyric in praise of Imam Reza – peace be upon him. The present study intends to study Ayatollah Gheravi's mystical- literary ode in praise of Imam Reza –peace be upon him- in a structural method and analyze three stylistic levels of this poem which are phonetic level, causal, and combinative respectively. For this reason, having explained the concept, principles and stylistic forms, it deals with stylistic analysis of Gheravi's panegyric. One of the prominent conclusions of this study is that applying stylistics as one of critical approaches, deep richness of a literary work can be analyzed in three levels and its artistic and literary elegances found. Among these findings these cases can be mentioned: harmony between meaning and rhythm in panegyric, poet's skill in choosing combinations being proportional to his intended meanings and purposes, poet's inspiration by his philosophical trends in composing panegyric and his power in arousing the audience by choosing profound concepts in the form of most elegant and newest metaphors.

Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies with accuracy and science introduction into poetic and literary area will also involve it in accuracy and give it more depth. Sometimes it helps having right understanding of poetry and sometimes hides and codifies it and makes its understanding more difficult. Mathematics is considered as one of basic sciences and penetration of its words and concepts in poetry area causes some evolutions in its content, form and understanding rate which is investigable. This research aims to investigate relation between mathematics and literature and influence of mathematics entering poetry considering Hasht Behesht by Sohrab Sepehri and also influence of this science on understanding rate of poetry in addition to extracting all mathematical words and concepts from Sepehri's poems. For authors, introduction of mathematical concepts and words into Sepehri's poetry has been very effective and in most cases it has played an important role like creating brevity, imagination and imagery and giving accuracy to the poetry. Although entrance of these words has sometimes increased poetic richness and made its concept deeper and more influencing, it has caused complexity of poetic understanding such that if this possible complexity and constraint removes, understanding and comprehension of the poetry will be more productive.

Arabic and Persian poems have numerous common points and poets of these two languages share the same point in style, subject, structure and music of poetry. Mahdi Akhavan Thaleth, famous Iranian poet, and Boland Al-Heidari, well-known Iraqi poet, are among poets who have many similarities in their works. As an example, there are some conceptual and verbal similarities between Qasedak and Saee Al-barid (postman) and authors of this article investigate them in analytical- descriptive method. Undoubtedly, recognition of inspiring origin of these two common poems is very helpful in knowing deep poetic relation of Persian and Arabic languages. Results of this research show that these two odes are very similar in many cases as social themes particularly expressing people's suffering and difficulties, simplicity of speech figures of thought as well as speech, diverse ways of expression, poetic musicality, repetition and its aims and contents.

"Risalat Al-sahel wa Al-shahej" is one of the prominent works of Abbasid era in form and content to which authors and critics have paid little attention. Abul Ala Al-ma'arri wrote it about 1020- 1021 addressing Aboushoja'a Fatak, known as Azizoddoleh, ruler of Halab from Fatimi's caliphate in which through conversation made between a horse called Sahel and a mule called Shahej he discusses literary, historical, political and social matters and provides much information about lexical, syntactical, prosodic puzzles and issues related to political relations between ruler of Halab and the Fatimi's family in the one hand and he and Roman emperor on the other hand and pictures people's condition following a crisis caused by political deals between Azizoddoleh (ruler of Halab) and Basil (Roman emperor). The Risalah investigated in this article to express role of power and technology in forming Abul Ala Al-ma'arri's discourse and language in the light of critical discourse analysis. This research shows that Abul Ala's discourse can be divided into 4 groups: literary discourse including his vast information about poetry, syntax and prosody; political discourse that pictures political relation between ruler of Halab and emperor of Rome; social discourse in which people's horror due to Rome's attack has been provided and finally advertising discourse between Romans and Muslims and also this point that political and cultural power has played a key role in forming Abul Ala's discourse and language.