RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2016 | Volume:6 | Issue:24|Papers Count:6

Nowadays as we live in the era of globalization and communication, governments and statesexert all their efforts in order to achieve political, economic, cultural etc., objectives, to improve their prestige and to represent a positive image of themselves to attract the others. This is one of the political tools that the colonial governments, particularly United States, which attempts to extent its universal occupation: in particular, through the cultural invasion in the third world countries. On the contrary, weaker nations react against this action and resist. Now, this political theorem has become a cultural phenomenon and has been represented vividly as one of the cultural elements resulting from interaction between community and its social duty and function. Regarding this, the present study deals with imagology to investigate the America image in the poems of Ahmed Matar, the contemporary Iraqi poet, which suffered from his country’s occupation by America? Also, he had been the observer and witness of all problems and crises caused by it and challenges, murder, and crimes carried out by this country in Iraq and in the Middle East.The results of study demonstrate that Ahmad Matar had a dual view on America's government and represents a troubled and anti-Americanism image of this country by citing several reasons including: colonial dealing and military occupation, humiliating the nations and plundering their wealth, supporting the Zionist, cultural invasion, imposing mercenary rulers on the people, conspiracy, betrayal and deceit, interference in the affairs of the countries and other crimes. However, poet's vision to American nation is dual and fluctuates from the positive to negative.

This article examines the notion of defamiliarizationin the holysura "Al- Hadid". The defamiliarization is a term that emerged as a result of the strength of the break out of the habits. The main objective of this technique is to attractreader's attention. The Holy Quran, the most documentary bookhas breached syntactic and lexical rules. Thus, analysis of the great Sura (Al-Hadid) based on stylistics centered on the "Defamilization" at the phonetic, semantic and combination layers. Among the letters music and content of the verses of the Surah, is the coordination and coherence. In semantic level, it is recognized that this Sura isfull of such arts like paradoxes and semantic conflicts, such that the high frequency of semanticconflicts, has given the text of the Qur'an a special expression. In part of the deviation of the norms, deviating from governing application of conventional centrifugal terms and phrases, including dedication and delay, delete and gratuity (departure has attracted the hearts both in terms of form as well as content.

One of the most important beauties of Modern poetry, especially in the literature which was created in war and in blockade, is application of space and location technique and its different implications; because war is concerned with conquering location and its incidents will occur in the location and destruction of that location is one of its unlucky effects; Therefore, the present study is performed to analyze the effect of military blockade of Beirut by Israel on application and implication of location in "Maryam Tati" by the Iraqi poet, Sa'adi Yoosef, by descriptive-analytic method; because the blockade has had a considerable effect on routine daily life of the Lebanese people, its effects have been reflected on the literary works of Lebanese and non-Lebanese scholars, such as Sa'adi Youssef who was compelled by war disasters to illustrate the most detailed issues of Lebanese lives. The question which should be answered is: what is the effect of military blockade of Beirut on application and implication of place on "Maryam Tati"? The most important results were that open locations (e.g. city, village and district) are to illustrate the material destruction of Beirut during the war and close locations (home and room), which were used more than open ones, implicate spiritual status of people of Beirut and the reason for this application and implication is the engineering and architectural criteria of the closed locations.

Abu Nuwas Hasan Ibn Hani, Persian poet, is one of the greatest poets in Arabic literature and his innovative efforts in the poetry have been followed by different Studies and discussions through the ages. In this study, it is tried to analyze Abu Nuwas's poetic innovations based on sociological reading. It is aimed to find motives and reasons for this literary event in the first Abbasid period, like his Shiite tendencies and appearance of new social classes which came after mixing of Arab culture with other cultures, in addition to contradictions and the rapid changes in the new society.

The Catastrophe of Mongol invasion is regarded to have its most tragic impact on Iranian and Arabic history. It led to a painful grief and agony among the people of that era. It seems natural that the writers and poets with delicate tastes and sensation were more sensitive than the common people with respect to cruelty and assaults. Shams al-din Alkufi and Sa'adi Shirazi were among the first poets who reflected the consequences of this tragic attack in their poems and accordingly affected the audience highly, with respect to the fact that both poets lived in the same period. The authors of this Comparative endeavor based on New Criticism studied the structure and subject matter of two odes analytically. Therefore, study of the communalities and differences reveals that the ambiguity and complexity in Sa'adi's poems are not to the extent of those of Alkufi. This is due to the fact that the sentence and phrase structures are natural not artificial although both poets enjoyed a straight forward and narrative style as reflected in Mogul invasion.

Minimalism is a school in art which creates everything with minimum elements. As this school eliminates all extra elements of a type to reach maximum briefness, sometimes it is hard to detect its nature. On the other hand, Phenomenology is a method for identifying knowledge which is introduced in 20th century. This method tries to identify all phenomena including objective and non-objective that is interpreted as a method of how mind perceives objects concerning nature of phenomena. In this writing it is tried to mention some stories from Marzbannameh from Sa'aded al-din Varavini from phenomenological perspective. This will show that revisions on classics of Persian literature can have new and various achievements. This is a library research from phenomenological approach.