Applied Agricultural Research
Year:2012 | Volume:24 | Issue:2 (91)|Papers Count:14

In order to study The effect of plant densities and cutting on some morphological charactrics, seed and forage production in french honeysuckle (Hedysarum coronarium L.), an experiment was conducted in Gorgan Agricultural Research Station in 2001 and 2002. Experimental design was factorial within randomize complete block with four replication. The factors included plant density in three levels (200, 300, 400 plant/m2) and cutting factor in three levels (without cutting, one time cutting and two times cutting). The results showed that tillers per plant, racemes per stem, loments per raceme, plant hight, dry matter and fresh forage were different in two years and the amount of dry and fresh forage and the rate of plant height were more in the first year. But the rate of other traits were more in the second year. Also the effect of plant density on tillers per plant, racemes per stem, loments per raceme and 1000 seed weight was significant in the level of 1% and the highest amount of them was estimated in 200 plant/m2 density respectively (3.01, 5.73, 10.22 and 9.7 gr) and the rate of plant hight and leaf /stem ratio increased when the density increased and the highest amount of them was estimated in 400 plant per/m2 density respectively (142cm, 0.6). The rate of seed yeild per hectar was not influenced by density. Tillers per plant, racemes per stem, loments per raceme, W1000 and hulled seed yield per hectar were significant in the level of 1'% and the highest amount of them was estimated in without cutting treatment respectively (4.15, 8.03, 12.54, 9.25gr and 41 56 kg/ha) stem, fresh forage and dry forage were increased when cutting increased and the highest amount of them was estimated in two –times cutting treatment respectively (0.605, 67.22 ton/ha, 8.634ton/ha).Maximum once time cutting can be recommended and second cutting devoted to seed produce in the first year.

The survey of effective factors on rainfall-Runoff relations cause to improve Mathematical models to analysis that phenomena. For this reason, first of all at 80 experimental plots the correlation matrices among runoff coefficient and some other environmental factors conclude from the topography: plot's length and slop percentage, from the soil: clay, silt, sand all percentage, EC, pH, Strength coefficient, gravel percentage and sum of gravel and litter percentage and from the vegetation cover: canopy and organic matter have been surveyed. In the next step at 77 and after 75 plots two rainfall single events with duration of more than 24h and average intensity of 1.5 mm/h selected and mathematical model of accumulated infiltration with relation to plot's length based on regression prepared. After, the prepared model tested by a group of plots with equal condition except length and rainfall depth of 38.2 and 34.8mm. The result is that by increasing the plot's length the accumulated infiltration depth added but the intensity of effectiveness of plot's length on accumulated infiltration depth decrease with increasing length of plot and finally after nearly 22m length the variation of the curve of accumulated infiltration depth with plot's length roughly convert to a linear variation with light gradient.

Adding fresh manure to cropland result in an increased weed population from seed present in the manure. Composting process can destroy weed seed viability. High temperature is an important factor in decreasing of seed viability. In an experiment the effect of season on seed viability of sixteen important weed species in forage fields were investigated during composting process. Seeds enclosed within nylon mesh bags were buried into the compost pile, at 0.5, 1 and 1.5 meters depths from surface for 4 months in the early of summer, autumn and winter in 2004. The compost pile made from cow manure. Seed packets were removed monthly to test for seed viability. The results showed that the temperature pile increased in three season and it was more than environment temperature. Temperature pile in summer was more than two other seasons. The most of weed seed viability loss observed in summer. Compost pile tended to have hotter temperatures at 0.5 meter than deeper layer. Weed seeds lost their viability at the 0.5 m depth where had the most temperature in comparison to deeper depths in all of seasons. The mean of weed seed viability loss after four months in summer, autumn and winter were 97.03, 83.80, 24.71 at the 0.5 m depth and 73.58, 60.71, 17.15 at all the layers, respectively.

Potassium is one of the most plentiful nutrients in the soil surface with important physiological roles in plant, improving their quality. Quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationships present beneficial information when assessing plant potassium availability and fertilizer application management. The objective of this research was to determine the K Q/I relationships and their related parameters, labile K (DKo), slowly exchangeable K (KX), potassium activity ratio (ARK), potassium activity ratio at equilibrium (ARke) and potassium buffering capacity (PBCk) for two different soils as are affected by zeolite additions. Soil samples with illite and kaolinite prevailing in their clay fraction obtained respectively from 0-30 cm depths of Rahmat Abad series (Gorgan University-Pardis) and Lavark (Isfahan). Texture, cation exchang capacity (CEC) and K (using 1 M NH4OAc) were same for both soils. Zeolite increased PBCk with high K intensities in soil solution.With ARke less than (mol-1) 0.5/ (meq.100g-1) 0.001 in a soil with illite prevailing in clay fraction, K from non specific sites in zeolite may increase buffering rate for plant roots K uptake. For plant potassium uptake in Pardis (no correlation with NH4-OAc extractable potassium), no correlation is expected with potassium buffering capacity (PBCk) but there might be a correlation with potassium activity ratio at equilibrium (ARke) or labile K (DKo) which needs further investigation.

Zinc deficiency is one of the important reasons that cause to decrease wheat yield in the entire world especially in calcareous soil of Iran. An experiment with a randomized complete block design, and four replications in a factorial arrangement was conducted to investigate differential response of some wheat genotypes to foliar application of Zn.Four wheat genotypes (Pastur cultivar, line M-75-7, line S-75-20 and Chamran cultivar) and four foliar application levels of Zn (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg Zn ha-1 from the source of ZnSO4) were used. Results showed that the studied wheat genotypes significantly varied in yield components, the line S-75-20 had the highest yield components (number of spike per m2, number of fertilized spiklets in spike and number of seeds in spike) as well as grain yield (3151 kg ha-1) among wheat genotypes. The effect of foliar application of Zn on grain yield was depended on the rate of applied Zn and wheat genotype. Foliar spray of 5 and 15 kg Zn ha-1 increased the grain yield as compared to the control while a decrease in grain yield was found by application of 10 kg Zn ha-1. Among different treatments, the highest grain yield (3914 kg ha-1) was related to the line S-75-20 in 15 kg Zn ha-1 treatment. Wheat genotypes were significantly different in Zn uptake.The highest and lowest Zn uptake was related to the line S-75-20 and Chamran, respectively. Line S-75-20 had the lowest Zn foliar application efficiency, as calculated based on the grain and straw yield, among the studied genotypes.It seems that foliar application of Zn in calcareous soils with similar condition to the present experiment could not guarantee correcting plant Zn deficiency. Differential response of wheat genotypes to foliar spray of Zn is an important factor that has to be considered in Zn fertilizer management.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with various mechanisms including enhanced nutrients availability and uptake can improve plant growth. The study arrangement was factorial based on randomized blocks design.Bacterial strains of Azospirillum (A.lipoferum DSM1691, A.brasilense DSM1690) and Pseudomonas (P.putida strain R-168, P. fluorescens strain R-93, P.fluorescens DSM 50090, P.putida DSM 291) as well as a control treatment, were used to inoculate the seeds. The results indicated that from 75 and 90 days after sowing till the end of growth season, plants inoculated with Azospirillum and Pseudomonas produced higher total and grain dry weight, compared with control. At the end of growing season the highest total dry weight (DW) was obtained from inoculation with A.lipoferum DSM1691 and A.brasilense DSM1690 and also the highest grain weight was obtained from inoculation with A.brasilense DSM1690. The highest total DW was related to inoculation with P.putida R-168 and the highest grain weight was related to inoculation with P.putida R-168 and P. fluorescents R-93.

This study carried out for investigation of pre-anthesis and post-anthesis assimilates translocation from shoot to grain and Contribution of these traits in bread wheat yield in rainfed condition as well as relationship between these traits with bread wheat yield and their drought resistance. Seven genotype were investigated in one experiment using of randomized complete blocks design with four replicates in rainfed condition during 2006- 2007 years. Sampling were carried out in anthesis stage, 14 day after anthesis and physiological ripening. Grain yield, Biomass, Harvest index, Remobilization, Retranslocaton and Redistribution Percent and contribution of pre-anthesis and post-anthesis reserved assimilates in shoot to grain was determined. According to main resource of yield suppling, Postanthesis current photosynthesis in grain yield computed. Results showed that there is significant and positive phenotypic correlation between yield with Biomass, harvest index and current photosynthesis while there was significant and Negative phenotypic correlation between yield with Remobilization and Redistribution. Based on factor analysis, tow first factor explained 83.5% of total variance. First factor was explained by Current photosynthesis, biomass, Dry matter amount of shoot during physiological maturity and grain yield and Higher photosynthesis that was mean reduction of redistribution. As well as cluster analysis is based on ward method and placed genotypes in three separate cluster.

In this study, efficiency of Glyphosate (Roundup), Imaztapyr (Persuit), Camba M (MCPA 340 g+dicamba 80 g), 2, 4-D (U-46 Difluid), 2, 4- D+MCPA (U-46 cambifluid), Flouroxypyr (Staren), and Triclopyr (Garlon) in view of field bindweed control was studied in fallow systems of sugar beet, tomato and potato. Field bindweed plants were sprayed during fallow. After fallow and crops cultivation, the effect of herbicide treatments were evaluated on the density and biomass of field bindweed and the crops yield. The experiments was done based on complete randomized block design with 15 treatments and 3 replications. On the basis of the results, Glyphosate 8 L/ha with 84% increase in sugar beet yield and 32% density and 76% biomass control of field bindweed, is recommended as the best treatment for bindweed control in sugarbeet.2, 4-D+MCPA 1.5L/ha with 240% increase in tomato yield and 64% density and 81% biomass control of field bindweed, is recommended as the best treatment for bindweed control in tomato.2, 4-D 2 L/ha with 55.5% increase in potato yield and 70% density and 70% biomass control of field bindweed, is recommended as the best treatment for bindweed control in potato.

The objectives of this study were to analyze genotype by environment (GE) interactions on the grain yields of 18 promising durum wheat lines selected from joint project between Iran and ICARDA along with two national durum (Zardak) and bread wheat (Sardari) checks by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and to evaluate genotype (G), environment (E) and GE interactions using statistics parameters i.e., AMMI stability value (ASV) and ecovalence (W2). The trials were conducted at four locations, representative for multi-location durum yield trials, in Iran under rain-fed (unfavorable) and supplemental irrigation (favorable) conditions for three successive cropping seasons (2005-07). Main effects due to E, G and GE interaction as well as three first interaction principal component axes (IPCA 1-3) were found to be significant (P<0.01). AMMI biplots were able to distinguish genotypes, with wide and specific adaptation, and environments, with high and low genotype discrimination ability. The genotype G9 with the highest mean yield was to be most stable genotype, while the G16, G17 and G18 with the highest contribution to GE interaction were to be most instable. The results of recommended genotypes based on AMMI analysis showed the G15, G9 and G12 were highly adapted to rain-fed and supplemental irrigation conditions of Kermanshah.The all genotypes from ICARDA (G16, G17, G18) were highly adapted to both rain-fed and irrigation conditions of Ilam. The best genotypes for rain-fed condition of Maragheh were G15 and G1 while the G15 and G16 were the best for supplemental irrigation condition. The genotypes G15, G9 and G1 were the best for Shirvan. In this study the G15 was the genotype with the best adaptation in three locations of Sararood, Maragheh and Shirvan.

In this study, effects of combinat application as a new mechanization technology on productivity index of wheat product were analyzed in Fars province. This province has had some achievement in agricultural products and mechanization development has been very important in this province. The results showed that in both conditions including between two groups that using old methods of seed cultivation and new one and in the group of combinat users, gross margin have increased 4.47 and 6.70 percent, respectively. Nevertheless, low experience of farmers was caused more usage of fertilizer and hereupon, input productivity of the combinat group was lower than the old technology group. In this situation, notwithstanding higher gross margin of combinat group, productivity of this group was lower than other one. Thus, we can say that with observance of promotive recommendation by wheat farmers about correct and optimum use of inputs can improve increased effects of gross margin and productivity of combinat.Therefore, investment in combinat development must be synchronous with other technical recommendation in order to increasing of wheat farmers income, productivity and welfare.

Determining cold stress tolerance is very important for the successful introduction of the cultivars at cold region. A field study was conducted to determine the effects of plant density, K and Zn fertilizer on tolerance, morphophysiological responses, yield and yield components of two safflower cultivars under cold region. The experiment was conducted in research farm of Agriculture College of Shahrekord University during 2007-2008. The factorial set of treatments arranged within a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments including Pi and Zarghan cultivars and plant densities (30, 40 and 60 plant m-2) and three type of fertilizers (Potassium, Zink and control).The results obtained showed significant differences between traits in all treatments. The highest survival plants, laef area index and plant height with 84.5, 3.3 and 23.1 Cm were belong to Pi cultivar. The highest Photosynthetic and transpiration rates with 26.5 and 13.8 mmol cm-2 s-1 was obtained from potassium treatment. The highest survival plants after freezing and cold stress (over wintering) (90.2%), the highest leaf area index (3.8), plant heights (87.4cm) were obtained from Pi cultivar, K and 60 plant m-2. Photosynthetic (26.5 mmol cm-2 s-1) and transpiration rates (13.8 mmol cm-2 s-1) were highest in Pi cultivar, K and 30 plant m-2. In Pi cultivar, K and 30 plant m-2 branches plant-1 (5.2), seed head-1 (33.3), 1000 seed weight (30.1g) were highest. The highest of biological yield (14368 kg), seed yield (3768 kg) and harvest index (25.8%) were belong to Pi cultivar, K and 60 plant m-2. The result showed plant survival and cold tolerance of Pi cultivar improved by K and Zn fertilizer that promoted the growth of safflower cultivar and can affect morphophysiological responses, yield and yield components (branches plant-1, seed head-1, 1000 seed weight) after freezing and cold conditions.

In order to evaluation of sowing date effects on forage yield, quality and some yield components of three turnip (Brassica rapa) cultivars, a research was carried out at experimental field of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Ramin during 2007/2008 growing season under Ahwaz condition. An experiment was conducted in factorial form, using a block completely randomized design with three replication. experimental. treatments included three sowing date (10 Nov, 25 Nov and 10 Dec) and three forage turnip cultivars (PacFB03, PacFB04 and PacFB05).In this research, dry matter yield, leaf dry matter yield, root dry matter yield and leaf and root crude protein yield in cultivars were determined. Also plant height and number of leaf per plant were measured. Result showed significant difference for sowing date in all traits. The highest total root and leaf dry matter yield and highest leaf and root crude protein yield were obtained from first sowing date (12.9, 3.75, 9.18, 1.42 and 0.47 t/ha respectively). Yield and delete yield component of forage turnip cultivars decreased along with delay sowing date. Analysis of variance showed delete statistically differences among cultivars for all parameters. PacFB04 cultivar and PacFB05 cultivar had a highest total, leaf and root yields among cultivars respectively.

This study was conducted in order to estimation of narrow sense heritability of leaf, stem and spike dry weight and genetic correlation between these traits with yield, biomass and harvest index. Tow parents Sardari and SON 64 with 50 F3 line resulted of cross between them was planted in RCBD design in three replications. Measuring of these traits sampling before anthesis stage. Estimation of genetic parameters was conducted in attention to important of genetic variation between and within generations. Estimation of narrow sense heritability for dry weight of leaf, stem and spike was 69.5, 68.6 and 56 percent, respectively. These results indicated role relatively high of additive effects on control of these traits. Therefore, from selection on the basis of these traits, favorable genetic advances will except. In this study, dry weight of leaf had negative genetic correlations with yield, harvest index and positive genetic correlation with biomass, and dry weight of stem and spike. Spike dry weight had positive genetic correlation with yield and biomass.In attention to high heritability and positive genetic correlation estimates for dry weight stem and spike with yield, these traits proposed for selection and improvement of yield traits of this population.

Effects of three plant densities (100, 150 and 200 seed per m2) on qualitative and quantitative indices of three species of vetch including broad leaf vetch (V.narbonensis L.), common vetch (V.sativa L.) and woolly pod vetch (V.dasycarpa L.) were evaluated under fall seeding (dryfarming) conditions during 2007-2008 crop years. the experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College of the University of Lorestan in a factorial arrangement of based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest hay yield was obtained on broad leaf vetch with density of 200 plant per m2 (2268 kg/ha) and the lowest hay yield (724 kg/ha) was recorded on woolly pod vetch with density of 100 plant per m2. Average hay yield was recorded on broad leaf vetch and common vetch with density of 100 plant/m2 equal to 1856 and 1714 kg/ha, respectively. The highest portion of leaf and stem dry weight (54.18 and 45.82%) was observed on broad leaf vetch with 150 plant/m2, respectively. Also, ratios of leaf and stem dry weight in woolly pod vetch were 34.6% and 68.05%, respectively which were superior two other species. The results showed that qualitative indices such as crude protein (CP) percentage and neutral detergent fibers (NDF) were affected by plant density and species. Thus, the highest CP and NDF values (23.14 and 29.95% respectively) were obtained from woolly pod vetch species in 200 plant/m2 and the lowest values of the characters (19.78 and 25% respectively) were recorded on broad leaf vetch with 100 plant/m2 .