NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2011 | Volume:2 | Issue:1|Papers Count:9

Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum Graceum) is one of the medicinal plants that has been used as a folk medicine in Iran and many countries. In this study, effect of macronutrient element shortage (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium) on dry and fresh weight, root and shoot length, leaf relative water, chlorophyll content and malondialdehyde activity in Fenugreek plant were studied. Results were showed that magnesium shortage was increased of growth factors, that this increment meaningful in 0.05 of statistical level. In relation to calcium shortage, growth factors was decreased which in statistical level 0.05 showed meaningful difference than blank level, while in relation to leaf relative water content wasn’t meaningful difference than control level. In potassium shortage, shoot length, root and shoot fresh weight and leaf relative water content was meaningful increased, while in root and shoot dry weight was observed decrement that this decrement in statistical level of 0.05 was meaningful than blank level. In effect of phosphorous shortage, shoot length meaningful increased than blank level, while in root dry weight, shoot fresh weight and leaf relative water content decrement was observed that meaningful than the blank level (P<0.05). In nitrogen shortage, root length and it fresh weight and leaf relative water content was meaningful increased than blank, while in shoot fresh weight, root and shoot dry weight was meaningful decreased in statistical level of 0.05 than blank. Macronutrient elements shortage was caused decrement of chlorophyll a in Fenugreek leaves with nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous shortage than to blank level. In plants with calcium and magnesium shortage increase of chlorophyll a was observed. Also, macronutrient elements shortage was caused decrease of Malondialdehyde activity in root and shoot Fenugreek plant.

Determining and recognizing of ecologic process in plants species in a region has precise image from region's canopy and performing appropriate management. Different canopies are in range ecosystems which they established in different situations. Studying of species diversity in different areas of range can determine asan index. For this purpose, mountainous ranges of Javaherdeh in Ramsar city elected under three studied sites (grazing, light and heavy grazing). With using of statistical formula and minimum level of method, the plot level measure and it's numbers obtained one by one. Significance degree index for studying of ecologic situation and Shanon diversity index and Margalog affluence determined for every plot. With using of variance analyzing method in SPSS software environment, comparing of averages with 3 regions is performed. Conclusions showed that in perennial heavy grazing grass site (%5.37), in annually light grazing site and tree-like one by one with 2.49 and 1.71% and grazing site with perennial grasses (7.98%), perennial forbs (3.26%) and bushes (2.06%) have the most significant degree of growing forbs. Species characteristics of this index indicate that Broumustomentesus and Trifoliumrepens specieswere dominate in all of the region. Diversity, affluence and the number of species in light grazing site more than two other sites, while monotony was more in grazing area. Therefore, significance degree index and the other indiceswere the best expounder for ecological changes in ranges canopy and with recognizing and informing of these changes, ecologic management of ranges can pace with region ecology and operateon time.

For comparing and considering Diversity (quality and number of species) of tree regeneration in natural gap and the gap that is created in single selection in Jamand area in crealine 3 set gaps 1–2 Ar, 4–5 Ar and above 5 Ar, 60 gap in the reserve compartment and managed parcel is selected. We want to consider each pap with the length of line with 1 meter width in a way that we place one meter microplate in each line and shorter plant height of 1/30 m were studied.. The results show that, there is not any difference between the gaps in the reserve compartment, in placement, the number and veriaty of tree cover. By increasing size of the gap and opening the bud and exposing to the light, the number of Beech regeneration decrease, but the number of maple tree increase. For the other species, there is not any effect by increasing the gap size; the mixture percent of plants cover decrease. There is not meaninyfull difference in Beech regeneration betwean the natural gap in the reserve compartment and the gap that is by single selection in managed parcel.

Water production and conservation, plant and animal genetic resources, herbal medicine production, industrial and food and their values in economic & agent with other issues all over are the roles of ranges and range management to obtain optima and stable management among with partnership, range management plans with economic justification can help us. There for, in this research, one of the rangeland management projects of Mazandaran province was analyzed with this purpose that explains its financial evaluation. Results show that this project has financial evaluation by using of present value, benefit to cist ratio and internal return rate methods and internal return ratio is 23.96 percent. Also, the results of different interest rates, incomes, costs and the project implementation years werw analyzed by sensitivity analysis. The results of sensitivity analysis imply the project will have financial return when interest rates are less than 23 percent and the internal return rate will be positive and equal to 14 percent when incomes change until 19.8 percent of previous income of the project implementation. Finally, and this value with decrease of earth to 12.1 percent reaches to zero. Political comments have been propounded to implement these projects, suitably.

Populus caspica Bornm. (Salicaceae) is one of the endemic and endangered tree species in hyrcanian forest of Iran. These researches were done to investigate the distribution and characteristics of Populus caspica with the aim of providing appropriate management strategies to support and protect the habitat of this valuable species. Therefore, some fundamental geographical parameters (latitude and longitude, altitude), climate parameters (mean annual precipitation, annual temperature, etc....) and habitat characteristics (soil, geology, silviculture features) were studied. The results showed Populus caspica is hygrophyte plant and generally are found in Talesh to Golestan Park in the plains area. The distribution of dominant species in very humid climates and semi-humid with mild to cold winter on the sediment texture is quaternary. Convert forest land, livestock and destroyed of travelers are most of important factors are the destruction of habitats. There silt loam texture, Alkaline Soil and soil fertility of typical profile of Populus caspica habitat soil. Populus caspica be found in overstorey broad leave tree stands with the closed and semi-closed canopy. However, totality recognized 18 tree and 8 shurb species of 15 family wich madarso sites had highest woody species richness with 20 woody species.

The aim of this research was investigation of relationship between litter quality and aerial part on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and respect carbon/nitrogen of two rang species Artemisia sieberi and Salsola dendroides in region Til-Abad of province Golestan. After identification of species site in Til-Abad, the end of growing season aerial parts and litter in mentioned species were collected in this site. Sampling was conducted in the key area based on randominized-systematic pattern. After identifying habitat of these two species, sampling was conducted to method randomly–systematic from aerial part and litter of the two species along 5 transects. After collecting samples and transporting to the laboratory were determined amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and carbon/nitrogen. Data were analyzed spss under windows. The results showed that from statistic amount of C, N and C/N in the aerial part and C, K and C/N in the litter of Salsola dendroides was the highest. Of influence in properties of soil in aerial part and litter of Ar.sieberi species was least. Thus Ar.sieberi aerial part and litter was the best and suitable species was in productivity soil of this region.

Nowadays it seems necessary forest land use monitoring and changes as the main components of stability landscape, this study performed according to the goals it’s to investigate the structure of landscape and Zagros vegetation region importance, in the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. In this study was used of landscape metrics analysis in combination with gradient analysis in Fragstats. Results of this study showed that whatever density residential areas percent is higher in the region: 1) increase the density of patches, 2) increases metric the shape of patches. 3) The patches size is reduced. 4) The reduced connection and continuity landscape. Also land use coverage percent metric showed that land use percent most of is related to forest land use, pasture and agriculture, respectively. The results Distribution and spatial distribution metrics show of pile the patches distribution pattern in the province.

Awareness of different land cover and human activities in different regions, as a basic information for executing of different programming is an important problem. Hereupon, remote sensing technique due to having special characteristicts will have important.After preprocessing of geometrical, topographical and Atmospherical emending and PCA analyzing and NDVI by applying of stewardship classification, the hight and medium current rangeland, dense forest- semi dense forest and residential regions were extracted with %88 chriling. Result showed that, the dense forest with about %63.4 and the residential regions about %1.41,were have maximum and minimum area respectively on the extracted land use map.

The soil is a basic source and essential in forest that necessary to long- term process for formation. On other hand, one of the main soil management principles is long-term stability of its fertility. Heavy machinery mostly are used to exploitation of forests that them employing is caused serious soil destruction and damage. So that, soil compaction between two slop classes in effect of traffic steel tracked skidder LTT-100A has been studied. In this study, skidding of Parcel 10 and 11 A Serie 3 Soordar-Vatashan were selected. Soil sampling using by cylinder (cylinder 10 cm in length and internal diameter 5 cm) was determined from a depth of 0-10 cm due to the excessive influence of the horizon from set skidding operation. In order to collected data analysis from the study area, is used Spss software. The results showed that effect of slope variables and number of traffic is significant on the bulk density of soil in 99% level. Also, bulk density of soil increased when slop classes and number of steel tracked skidder was increased on the skid trail. On other hand, the moisture percentage decreased in skid trail with increasing traffic. As soil moisture decreased from 27.3% in control sample to 12.45% during traffic ten. Decreasing moisture is increase in 10-20% slope class. So, investigation of changes of soil physical characteristic show that soil compaction will increase with increasing slope direction and number of traffic.