JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Year:2021 | Volume:23 | Issue:7 (110)|Papers Count:19

Mining is the place where has been accumulated metals and stones with economic values. Any harvesting operation requires a license from the industry, mine and trade Organization And criminal reactions in the field seems to be inadequate. The aim of this study preventive mechanism against illegal exploitation of mines in Iran. Data collecting method is documentary and data analysis method is analytical-descriptive. Due to the importance of mines the legislator by the deterrent legislation should be sought to prevent the illegal exploitation of mines, unfortunately, this procedure is not coherent and it shows in exchange of illegal exploitation of mines the criminal policy of Iran, More repressive to preventive aspects. Pointed out that the illegal exploitation of mines has always been a major challenge for the country, therefore, it is important to resort to pre-emptive ways. According to the teachings of criminology, applying various forms of social and situational prevention can also play an important role in controlling the illegal exploitation of the mines. Education and awareness, promotion of popular and situation culture, including measures of social prevention and control measures applying in its aspects, are among the situational prevention strategies that can be used to reduce the incidence of illegal exploitation of mines.

Background and Objective: The illustration of the concept of oneness by an artist requires a specific definition of architecture that is able to expand its physical and structural indices and aesthetic instrumentation into a spiritual framework. This attitude is in compliance with the tectonic concept. Tectonic in architecture has two key interpretations: Theory of internal structure of artistic work and the formation and linkage of form elements to achieve harmony. This paper has two goals: First, the principles and criteria of the oneness of architectural work to investigate the compliance of its core and artistic forms and second, the assessment of four great architectural works of contemporary architecture in Iran based on these criteria to measure the compliance of the core and artistic forms. Material and Methodology: This was an applied descriptive-analytical study. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to assess the compliance of core and artistic forms of the samples based on the given criteria and goal. Findings: Results showed better compliance between the core and artistic forms of the Senate (Islamic Consultative Assembly) building than the other three works (Azadi Tower, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, and City Theater of Tehran). As a result, this building has greater compliance between the technical and conceptual-semantic dimensions. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings of this study direct architectural discussions towards using the tectonic expression as an instrument for harmonizing and integrating aesthetic and technological subjects in the design process of the contemporary works.

Background and Objective: As a result of the rising awareness of environmental issues and the increase in the cost of energy, building professionals increasingly have to consider the sustainability and energy performance of their designs by using building energy performance simulation tools. The aim of the current study is to optimize energy consumption of office buildings in cold climate of Tabriz and providing optimal model of double skin faç ade (DSF) in this climate. Material and Methodology: The research method in this paper is based on causal research and simulation. The research tool in this paper is Design Builder software. The energy performance of DSF is studied in 36 scenarios under 4 types of DSFs in an office building in cold climate of Tabriz in three cavity depths of 0/7, 1 and 1/3m in three modes: 5, 10 and 15-story to achieve minimum energy consumption. Findings: The results indicate that, the 5-story box window type with a depth of 1/3m has a minimum electricity consumption and the 15-story multi-story type with a depth of 0/7m has a minimum gas consumption. In a fixed cavity depth, electricity consumption will increase and gas consumption will decrease by increasing the numbers of floors. Electricity consumption also increases with the increase of cavity depth. The 15-story multi-story DSF with a cavity depth of 1m has the lowest total energy consumption and the 5-story corridor DSF with a cavity depth of 0/7m has the highest total energy consumption. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the high heating needs of the cold climate and energy efficiency of DSF facades, it is necessary to choose the appropriate type for this region.

Background and Objective: Hazardous waste management is one of the most important issues of today. Failure to pay attention to proper planning and management can cause surface, groundwater, soil and air pollution on a large scale. On the other hand, more attention to environmental criteria in national macro-planning has led to the creation of a scientific attitude to bury hazardous waste by selecting suitable landfills for these materials, which lack of attention and observance of scientific and biological principles have polluted water, soil, air and endangered the health of humans and other living organisms. The purpose of this study is to locate hazardous waste landfills using multi-criteria decision making and GIS methods. Material and Methodology: In this research, using the Delphi method to determine the criteria and ANP, TOPSIS and GIS software, a suitable place for landfilling in Lorestan province (for which no landfill has been considered so far) has been specified. Findings: The area of the city of Azna, Aligudarz, Kuhdasht and Poldokhtar as the best place for special waste landfill in the province were introduced. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that two TOPSIS and AHP in the GIS in locating many landfills is capable to perform that corresponded with research in other areas.

Background and Objective: Different models have been proposed for disaster management. Considering their weaknesses so far, despite their efficiency in some locations and under certain circumstances, natural disasters are still a fundamental challenge in the way of sustainable development. The purpose of this research is to analyse disaster management models to be used as a theoretical tool in analyzing the current condition and to achieve the desired condition. Material and Methodogy: To achieve the goals, qualitative approach and combinations of the concepts of thematic analysis, classification and typology are used. In this regard, first, the models of disaster management from 1941 to 2016 are collected. In the next stage the themes of each model are extracted and categorized in three phases. In the first phase which is descriptive coding, available elements in each model are extracted as code and the basic themes are recognized. Then, in the phase of interpretive coding, basic themes are classified in three categories which are called organizing themes. The final phase is determination of global or overarching theme which is consisted of all the other mentioned themes. Findings: Basic themes which were obtained during the interpretive coding are the themes of operations management, risk management and hazard assessment. Based on thematic analysis, it can be concluded that disaster management has three main elements. Therefore, comprehensive model of disaster management should include these three elements and their sub basic themes that is called the ideal or criterion type. Discussion and Conclusion: Results showed that in some models, one dimension is emphasized. Even in two-dimensional models, one dimension has advantage over the other one. While the proposed typology showed that, considering the ideal type, the comprehensive model should include all the three mentioned elements. According to the ideal type, the strategic plan of disaster management should be performed under a comprehensive management considering all the elements of disasters.

Background and Objective: This research was carried out to study the impacts of implemented watershed management project on vegetal cover and sediment yield in Kakhk Watershed Project. Material and Methodology: In this research in the first stage characteristics of each predicted mechanical operations from detailed studies of Kakhk watershed were recorded. Also, the soil erosion and vegetation condition of area before performancing watershed operation were determined. The characteristics of each watershed management structures such as situation, number, volume and its siltation were measured. The biological conservation and efficiency were studied via measuring percent of grass cover, the numbers of live bushes and trees per unit area. The soil erosion was measured by applying MPSIAC model. Consequently, the present and preliminary conditions of watershed (in terms of soil erosion and vegetal cover) were compared with each other and project efficiency was determined. Findings: This reseasch revealed that due to Kakhk implemented watershed management project the average vegetation cover and dry forage production increased from 25% and 17 kg to 49% and 89 kg, respectively. The mean efficiency of all mechanical activities is 76 %. The rate of soil erosion decreased from 20 to 10 t ha yr-1. Discussion and Conclusion: The data analysis revealed that after 20 years of project implementation, the vegetation factors improved obviously and the amount of soil erosion has fallen by 50 %.

Background and Objective: Separation and determination of trace amounts of cobalt ions in real samples due to their toxicity to humans is very important. In the present study, a nanocellulose was synthesized by the acid hydrolysis and then modified with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylamino phenol (5-Br-PADAP). The size of cellulose nanofibers was determined using transmission electron microscope (TEM). After modification of the nano-sorbent with the 5-Br-PADAP, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the modified nanocomposite was carried out, and the BET technique was used to determine the surface area of the nano-sorbent before and after modification. In the present work, the aim is to modify the surface of nanocellulose with ligand of 5-Br-PADAP to use them to extraction and pre-concentration of trace amounts of cobalt ions before determination it by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy in real samples. Material and Methodology: Certain volume of cobalt ion into the test tube containing the modified nanosorbent was Poured and buffer solution with pH = 9 was added and place it in a shaker and finally centrifuged for 15 minutes and then discard the top solution and 1 mL HCl was added to recover cobalt ions and placed in a shaker for 10 minutes and then centrifuged, and the absorption of the supernatant was determined by FAAS. The results showed that the modified nanocellulose is very sensitive and selective towards the determination of cobalt ions which could be affected by several parameters such as pH, adsorbent amount, sample volume, extraction time, and type of eluetion. Findings: The calibration curve is linear in the range of 10-500 ng/mL, and the detection limit and the relative standard deviation (RSD) are calculated to be 4. 3 ng/mL and 1. 8 %, respectively, that result in a high preconcentration and enrichment factor. Discussion and Conclusions: By using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry and applying the standard addition method, the proposed method was used to determination of the trace amounts of cobalt ions in the natural water samples such as seawater, river water, well water, lake water and tap water, with satisfactory results.

Background and Objective: Cellulose industries are closely related to forests and natural resources, and on the other hand, the chemicals used in them are sometimes transferred to nature. Therefore, they can affect the environment in two ways and therefore have an urgent need for management with a green approach, especially in the field of supply chain. Achieving this is possible by finding the most effective factors in implementing green supply chain management in this industry, which has been done in this research. In previous similar studies, the weight of the same factors has often been considered, and in addition, the weight of the interviewees has been considered the same when collecting data. In this paper, both problems have been solved by using EDAS-SEM methods and a more valid ranking of the components of green supply chain management in the cellulose industry has been presented. To provide a green supply chain management model in the cellulose industry, including transparent factors and accurate weights so that it can be used to measure the performance of managers in this area and to suggest the most effective factors for future promotion to managers. Material and Methodology: This research is qualitative and survey in how to collect data and quantitative in processing them. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is mixed. Modeling and analysis methods include entropy, EDAS, SEM. The statistical population is 63 managers of Qom cellulose production industries, for whom a questionnaire was sent in 2019, and 55 were completed. Therefore, sampling method, sample is available. Data collection tool is a questionnaire and data analysis tool is confirmatory factor analysis with partial least squares approach and SmartPLS3 software. Excel was used for entropy and EDAS calculations. Findings: The most important indicators of green supply chain performance in Qom cellulose products industries are selecting suppliers with environmental criteria, determining environmental requirements for purchasing items and auditing compliance with environmental regulations. Also, the weight of managers varies according to the characteristics of the elites. These findings can be generalized to other cellulose industries. Discussion and Conclusion: The proposed model can be used for a better future in the management of the green supply chain of cellulose industries by evaluating the performance of managers in senior and middle levels at the organizational and unit levels. The achievements of this research can also be used to identify the most important factors at each level and allocate future resources to them.

Background and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the level of cadmium, chromium and lead contamination in the soil of western Tehran using pollution, enrichment and land geoaccumulation indices and pollution factors. Material and Methodology: In order to evaluate the concentration of heavy elements in the study area, sampling was done in all three areas of District 21 of Tehran Municipality and 10 samples from each area with three replications and a total of 90 samples were prepared in the spring of 2020 and the concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium in Soltani acid extract was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The present study is one of the descriptive-analytical researches and its data are of primary type which has been prepared by two methods of documentary and field studies. Findings: The accumulation of these elements has been created in the surface soil. The mean concentrations of the studied elements in zones two and three were higher than one. The topsoil of area three had higher amounts of lead, cadmium and chromium than the other two areas, but these values were not significantly different from area two. The average amounts of lead, chromium and cadmium for the region were 38. 1, 9. 1 and 1. 6 mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment index in zones two and three was more than one, but the numerical value of this index was less than one in zones one. Geoaccumulation index values for lead element in all three areas showed non-contaminated to slightly contaminated class and for cadmium and chromium showed non-contaminated class. The numerical value of the contamination factor, except for cadmium and in zone one, in other cases is one and more than one, which indicates the high concentration of these elements compared to the background concentration in the study area. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result of industrial and traffic activities, the accumulation of excess amounts of man-made elements in the study area has been created.

Background and Objective: Perception of risk leads to the regulation of practical behaviors to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experimental behaviors of villagers in Bonab city to understand the risk of drought in Lake Urmia. For this purpose, a combination of individual and social approaches was used. Material and Methodology: The present study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is residents over 15 years old in 29 villages of Bonab city, which is equal to 23653 people. Using Cochran's method and simple random method, 380 people were selected as the sample size. The tool used in this research is a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate regression tests, and path analysis. Findings: The results of path analysis on the dependent variable showed that drought-tolerant crop, knowledge and skills, income, age, length of stay, participation in training programs, and modernization of irrigation canals have a direct effect on practical behaviors to reduce drought risk. Also, the results of path analysis on the dependent variable of intention to perform risk reduction behaviors in the future, showed that the variables of cultivation of drought-tolerant crops, selfefficacy, age, level of education, trust, previous experience, and responsibility have a positive effect and optimistic bias variables, income, and age. The risk perception variable had a negative effect. Indirect effects through the two variables of believes and income also affect the variable of intention to reduce the risk of drought. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the research results, the perception of drought risk by the villagers, this understanding has not yet changed the behavior of the rural community in practice.

Background and Objective: In present century, population growth, technology development and agriculture development are causing environmental pollutions. Many pollutants are entering into the environment by humans; one of the major environmental pollutants is heavy metals which enter to the aquatic ecosystems. These elements are very stable and because of their toxic effects and accumulation have a particular importance. Level of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems like wetland by measuring their concentration in water, sediments and organisms is considered. Sediments are the potential source of contamination in aquatic environments and act as sink for pollutants. As forms of heavy metals are varying to make different mobility, bioavailability and toxicity, the measurement of total elements cannot provide the complete information of the characteristics of heavy metals. Therefore, sequential extraction processes of elements of sediments have been developed. Material and Methodology: In this study, concentration of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and chromium in surface of sediments at the southwest regions of Anzali wetland were studied by sequential extraction process in four stages. Sediments were sampled from six sites by Grab sampler. Concentration of elements in these samples was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Findings: Average concentrations of elements in the sequential extraction method showed that metals rates in the different fractions was: Residual > Organic Oxidation > Acid Reduction > Exchangeable. In total, metals concentration in sediment samples of the southwest of Anzali wetland was: Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd. Discussion and Conclusion: Geochemical Accumulation Index (Igeo) was calculated for these elements. According to this factor, cadmium pollution in this area was moderate (Igeo=1. 65). Other elements had shown no pollution. Individual Contamination Factor (ICF) for heavy metals calculated, also. These results showed that lead and chromium had the highest bioavailability so they can be dangerous for organisms

Background & Objective: The concept of urban quality of life is developed in relation to the urban environment and connects the objective dimensions of that environment to the citizens’ subjective assessments. This concept is influenced by all aspects of urban life (including the natural, built environment, social and economic aspects). Urban services are parts of the urban environment, which are provided and delivered with the aim of meeting the citizens’ basic needs. The purpose of this research is to investigate how satisfaction with these services affects citizens’ quality of life. Material and Methodology: In this research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, and based on literature review, the conceptual framework of research has been developed and then the quantitative research model is presented. Data obtained by citizens’ questionnaires on 30 neighborhoods in Tehran on a set of urban services, collected by systematic random sampling method from the residents of plots, have been analyzed, utilizing Partial Least Squares method and SmartPLS3. 0 software in the form of the proposed model. Findings: There is a direct and significant relationship between “ satisfaction with urban services” as well as “ experienced quality” and the citizens’ “ quality of life” . Indices of "standard services", "working hours" and "use of technology in service delivery" in citizens’ view, have the most important effects on "experienced quality" construct. Also, the construct of "citizens' expectations of urban services" is more affected by "previous experience” of the citizen and "implicit service communications” indices. Discussion and Conclusions: Research findings emphasize on the necessity of paying attention to the factors determining the satisfaction with urban services by the responsible organizations in urban services provision and delivery, in order to improve the citizens’ quality of life.

Background and Objective: Land is rapidly changing at the local, regional, national, and global scales, with a significant impact on the environment. Some changes occur due to natural causes, while other changes due to human projects such as urban growth. Material and Methodology: This article provides an overview on the categorization of different methods used in detecting urban changes with emphasis on building complexities. Advances in facilitating the acquisition of three-dimensional data have led to three-dimensional change detection methods with two concepts of geometric comparison (including height difference calculation, Euclidean distance and transition-based methods) and geometric-spectral analysis (including correction). The purpose of this review is to answer the question of whether advances in change detecion methods and converting them from two-dimensional methods to three-dimensional ones have been able to meet the challenges in this context. What is future research to improve the results of 3D change detection methods? Findings: According to the results of research on different types of change detection methods, although two-dimensional change detection methods have considerable variation, they lack altitude information and estimation of changes in the third dimension and in the face of high spatial and spectral resolution and three-dimensional effects such as buildings face challenges. Therefore, just by relying on the results of these methods, it is not possible to get a proper assessment of damages during accidents or construction estimations and so on. Discussion and Conclusion: In this article, while discussing the concepts presented in the threedimensional methods of detecting changes, the strengths and weaknesses and challenges of the existing research are compared with the two-dimensional methods. It is concluded that in most cases, three-dimensional change detection methods rely heavily on two basic issues: 1) the use of advanced image-matching algorithms to produce three-dimensional data; 2) high-level machine learning techniques based on geometric and spectral data.

Background and Objective: As a scientific-cultural society, educational-academic space is one of the most important spaces which influences social interactions and possesses its own specific relations and norms. It is because the formation and dynamism of social interactions among students depend on many individual and environmental factors, with the current article aiming to find the most important environmental factors affecting the formation of social interactions in academic environments. Material and Methodology: Using factor analysis method, this research has tried to explain the factors affecting the formation of social interactions in educational environments. The scope of the study includes three randomly chosen spaces of the University of Tehran, Iran University of Science and Technology and Alzahra University. This study has used SPSS22 in order to analyze data for summarizing variables and independent factors with R and orthogonal factor analysis methods. Findings: The findings show that six factors have an effect on the formation of social interactions in academic environments, which include furniture, comfort and physiological comfort and convenience; security and territory; sports and entrance space; shared open and closed public space; architectural form and pattern; and possibility of face-to-face proximity. Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that the factor of furniture, comfort and physiological comfort and convenience is the most vital effective factor affecting the formation of social interactions among university students and the parameter of the kind of space coloring is the most important index with a factor loading of 0. 745.

Background & Objective: The brick indusrty shares a significant amount to the global environmental pollution. In the production stages of this indusrty, pollutants such as particulates, CO2, NOX, CO and SOX get released into the atmosphere. Considering the increase of pollution and also the production rate of bricks in the country, replacing bricks with another type of material can lead to reduction of these pollutants. Material and Methodology: In order to achieve the goals of the study, review study method was used and library resources, databases, scientific and research journals, related books and available data (Statistical yearbooks of Ministry of Agriculture, Energy balance sheet of Ministry of Energy and statistics of State Management and Planning Organization over the past few years) were employed. Findings: Findings reveal that straw could be an appropriate replacement for bricks from the environmental and economic points of view; although it's widely available and has useful features; concerns such as moisture, insects and combustion have made the application of straw bales in building industry very insignificant. Straw bale systems consist of compressed panels that can replace bricks in building industry without any environmental pollution and with high economic efficiency. Discussion and Conclusions: Brick is the most used building material in the world. Considering its large effect on pollution, findings show that straw bale systems, which are completely renewable, can reduce this pollution significantly; such that straw bale buildings can be seen all over the world in places such as USA, Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan and China.

Background and Objectives: Thermal power plants with significant consumption of fossil fuels play a major role in the production of air pollutants. Nitrogen oxides are among these pollutants. So far, none of Iran's thermal power plants have been equipped with technologies to reduce and control nitrogen oxide emissions. Considering the necessity of reducing pollutants caused by fuel combustion in the country's power plants, and imposing excessive social costs due to the excessive emission of pollutants, this article aims to provide a solution to analyze the factors affecting the selection of reducing technologies. Nitrogen oxides with the origin of power plant activities and also their prioritization and selection with the approach of investing in technologies to reduce the emission of this pollutant in Iran's thermal power plants has been done. Material and Methodology: In this research, first, with the widespread knowledge of the researches conducted in this field, the existing technologies in the world and also the most important criteria influencing their effectiveness have been identified and in the next step, in order to adapt these criteria to the conditions of Iran, Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to finalize the criteria. In order to weigh the criteria and then rank the existing technologies, the new SECA ranking technique is used. Findings: The results showed that IFGR technology, OFA, Flameless Combustion, LNB and FR(Fuel reburning) were the first to fifth priority of technology selection, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The sum of these technological assessments will help to create more suitable and sustainable environmental conditions and less vulnerability of ecological systems.

Background & Objective: The Lack of timely, documentary and scientific information from the current status (level and distribution) of poplar plantation of Tehran province is one of the main problems facing the managers of the wood production sector in the planning and management of wood supply in the province and the country. Preparing a map and determining the areas of poplar plantation and their distribution in Tehran province are the objectives of this study to monitor and evaluate changes of poplar plantation area in short-term periods. Material and Methodology: The present study was conducted from April 2018 to March 2020 for 2 years in the whole of Tehran province. In this study, multi-temporal data, from the beginning to the end of the poplar growing season (second half of March to December 2018), at least 6 time periods of 30 to 40 days were used from Sentinel-2 satellite image. Then, 355 poplar plantation fields with uniformly distribution in the province were taken as a training sample for use in the SVM classifier. Post-test and calibration of SVM model based on the phenology of poplar genus and harvested field samples, poplar plantation distribution map of province was extracted. Findings: The results showed that the total area of poplar plantation of Tehran province is 511. 1 ha which covers 0. 04% of the total area of province. One percent of the total poplar plantation fields were randomly selected for field control and after that, the overall mapping error obtained was calculated. In this study, the exact location and area of current poplar plantations were estimated with acceptable accuracy (96. 7%). The highest level of poplar plantations was obtained in Damavand (196. 8 ha), and the lowest in Varamin (0. 22 ha). Discussion and Conclusions: Using the resulting information (distribution map and mapping poplar plantation of province), can be initiated in studies on cultivation planning and development of wood farming for the present and future of the province.