NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2014 | Volume:4 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

In order to investigation the effect of Loranthus europaeus on amount of macro nutrient elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium), micro nutrient elements (ferrum, manganese and zinc) and also area and weight of oak tree leaves (Quercus persica), a part of Zagros forests in north of Ilam province selected. For this five infected to mistletoe trees and a healthy tree adjacent each, with similar condition marked as control trees. Leaf sampling was done from infected and healthy branches of infected trees and either healthy tree with respected to unity sampling aspect. Then the samples were desiccated, grinded, digested and analyzed for elements. For analyzing the collected data was used from spss software and one way ANOVA and compare means tests. Results showed that the amount of potassium in infected branches of oak trees is more than that of healthy branches, but the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, ferrum, manganese and zinc did not show the significant differences among groups. Also leaf weight of infected branches in compare with healthy branches was decreased, but leaf area of infected branches did not have any significant differences among groups.

The research was carried out for considering the effect of accelerated ageing on several physiological characteristics of Fraxinus excelsior seedlings including germination percent, Biomass, leaf area and Chlorophyll. The accelerated aging test was carried out at three different temperatures: 41, 43 and 45oC with four duration periods of 48, 72, 96, 144 and a relative humidity of 100%. A completely randomized factorial design with four replications was used. Germination percent, Biomass, leaf area and Chlorophyll of seedling showed a greater response to accelerated aging.

Ecosystem reconnaissance is necessary to achieve sustainable development. Knowledge about the vegetation is one of the most important tools for proper management and reaching to sustainable development. Therefore, we identified plant species and functional groups in Javanrud rangelands through field survey and monitoring. The results showed that 57 species including of 10 families existed in the study area. Fabaceae with 24 species had the highest frequency. Most of species were forb and palatable (class I). About 80%, 30% and 37% of species could be used as forage, soil conservation and medicine, respectively. The percentage of hemicryptophytes, therophytes, camophytes, geophytes and phanerophytes were 42%, 28%, 12%, 8% and 8%, respectively.

Soil carbon sequestration is attractive because of its role in long-term reservoir, low cost and ecological important useful means to combat climate change .Plantation forests are the most effective and ecologically friendly way of absorbing CO2 and increasing carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems and reduction of Global Warming. The purpose of the present research was to compare soil carbon sequestration within three plantation forests (softwood and hardwood) and its correlation with some soil properties in Remela region, Lorestan. In each 20 0ld stand Pinus brutia, cupressus arizonica and Amygdalus scoparia10 plots in size of 10×10 m selected randomly and subplots 2.5 ×2.5m were set in center and cardinal directions within plots. Soil sampling syntheticly was made for each plot (0-30 depth) and some soil measurements(total N,P,K,OC%, pH, EC and bulk density) was measured . Results showed that rate of carbon sequestration in Amygdalus scoparia stand is more than that of Pinus brutia and cupressus arizonica stands(P<0.01).Pearson's correlation coefficients indicated that carbon sequestration was significantly positively correlated with OC%, K an total N for softwood plantations . The correlation was significantly positive just between carbon sequestration and OC% for hardwood plantation. Generally, it can be concluded that Amygdalus scoparia able to sequestrate carbon more than other Pinus brutia, cupressus arizonica in this region.

In order to study of salinity tolerence, Ag.intermedium and Ag.trichophorum in 4 treatment include 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl and CaCl2 on factorial test design based on completely randomized with 4 replication in laboratory and greenhoude was studied. Characteristics studied in this research include germination characteristics, seedling length, root to shoot ratio, root to shoot dry weight ratio, seedling dry weight of seedling fresh weight ratio, dry maerial weight, the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll. The results of measuring the amount of chlorophyll and other plant physiological traits growing in pots show that there is significant difference in 1% level in between all ecotype and level of salinity the content of and Chlorophyll a,b and total Chlorophyll , seedling length, weight of dry meterial and dry weight of seedling fresh weight ratio and interaction of jenotype*salinity there is significant difference in 5% level on total Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll a and and a notable point increase of relative in the concentration of chlorophyll versus increase of salinity level in species was.Finally, A. trichophorum (Accesion 3412) had higher chlorophyll contents as compared with others Accesion and A. intermedium (Accesion 3424) had the highest dry material percentage among all Accesions.

In recent years, Zagros forests damaged due to, over grazing, land use change, illegal possession, fires, use of trunks and branches of trees for fuel and construction materials, forest lands occupied by farming. Although, some affecting factors on degradation of natural resources have identified, but these factors based on socio-economic less study have been investigated. The purpose of this study was examined socio-economic status of Zagros forests community according to the objectives of sustainable development. The type of this study was analytical descriptive. The population studied was the whole households of Kalgachi yurt, a rural with 65 households was answered to the questions. deforest ration for farming, and land use change of forest and animal grazing are the cases that have destroyed more forest land . Reason this Violation to forest cases such as Socio-Economic problems such as Low-income level of the local population, low level of living, low education and low culture, environmental have. Also, results showed 74.58 percent of their livelihoods communities depend on forests. The point of view of forest communities, low income rural people and their dependence on their main occupation, agriculture is the main socio - economic problems and a major cause of destruction of these forest lands.

Normally Iranian cities are located over or beside fertile lands. Therefore, many gardens and farmlands exist inside and around the cities. Naturally these green lands are threating or destroying due to sprawl growth of the cities. Meanwhile they are interconnecting with urban environment and offering verity of ecological functions. Therefore any intervention needs to consider ecological function especially from landscape ecology view point. This research has been done based on landscape ecology principles in Sarab-e-Qanbar nearby the Kermanshah. We determined structural features include: patches, corridors and their context. Structural features has been analysed in time continuum by utilise aerial and satellite photos. The result shows that landscape grain is threaten and should conserve against urban development and city physical expansion should mange in order to conserve last garden patches and natural corridors.

Due to spatial significant changes rainfall and low rainfall stations to record daily rainfall the other hand, the necessity of explaining the model estimates of rainfall in space is unavoidable. The aim of this study was to compare geostatistical methods viz. kriging, cokriging and inverse distance weighted for providing Isohyetal maps. The study area was Ilam province in the western of Iran. For providing Isohyetal maps, data of97stations were used. Through auxiliary variables for the cokriging method, the elevation data (it has the highest correlation with rainfall) was used. After determining the data spatial structures, by using Arc GIS software Isohyetal map was prepared by the foresaid method. In this study to assess of interpolation methods from standard error (SE), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) was used. Based on the evaluation criteria Kriging method with the lowest RMSE and highest coefficient, respectively, 93.9 and 0.414 is the most accurate method.

Subalpine ecosystems are highly fragility as compared to biological and environmental factors. Landslide is one of the ruinous upshots of this ecosystem. One of the susceptible areas in the cause of natural factor is Masooleh watershed in the northern Iran. In order to zoning landslide hazard, landslide index (LI) and AHP method based on 14 factors, which include geology, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from faults, distance from road, distance from river, distance from ranch, stream power index, composition topography index, range condition, soil texture, rainfall and land use, were used. Quality sum methods were also used to evaluate the model. The result of models showed that both litho logy and range condition have important role in landslide area. Qua, sensitive Shemshak formation, because of the fine-aggregate soil, of physical factors; and Overgrazing, grazing forth of season, early grazing, late term egression, and excess livestock are as the direct affecting factors on vegetation so that have simultaneous role to make the landslide risk. Result also showed that the critical condition of range lands and the surrounded rangeland of folds have the most performance to generate the landslides. The results of the evaluation showed that landslide index model, with amount of sumqualitative0.744, havebetterefficiency than AHP model, with amount of0.489. Managers and protectors of this ecosystem can inhibit and conserve the landslide by control of animal grazing and using of mechanical tools in the sliding area.