WOMENS STUDIES
Year:2021 | Volume:18 | Issue:4|Papers Count:6

The current study was administrated to investigate the attitudes to gender roles and parental exhaustion of parting duties in mothers having or not having paid professional activity. The research method was descriptive, and the research design is ex post facto. The study sample was 195 mothers (76 employed and 119 unemployed) who participated voluntarily from five regions of north, south, west, east, and center of Tehran. Measurements included the Parental Burnout Assessment (consist of parental exhaustion, contrast with the past self of the parent, being fed up, and emotional distancing from the parenting role), and the Attitudes towards Gender Roles Questionnaire (including the traditional, the gender-specific, and the androgenic attitude). The results of the independent t-test between two groups showed that there was a significant difference between two groups of employed and unemployed mothers in attitudes towards the gender-specific role and androgenic (gender equality) role (p = 0. 02), and there was no significant difference in parental burnout and its dimensions. The results also showed that employed mothers, although having egalitarian attitudes to gender roles and experience more role pressure than unemployed mothers, experience less parental burnout compared to unemployed mothers who have gender-specific role attitudes. It is worth considering the role of overload in employing mothers and how unemployed mothers spend their leisure time with their children according to their gender attitudes.

In developing countries, women are the first hope for family development, growth, and development in their own countries. This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of cultural and social factors on women entrepreneurship in Tehran's municipality's entrepreneurial homes. The statistical population includes 30 municipal entrepreneurial houses in Tehran, each with 100 entrepreneurs. Morgan table was used to determine the sample size, estimated at 265 people. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient test was used to measure the reliability of the research instrument. The findings showed that three variables of social and cultural factors affect women's entrepreneurship, which entered the regression equation over the three stages. In the first step, the individual and personality traits entered the regression equation and its coefficient was 248/0. In the second step, the association with women's associations entered the regression equation, whose coefficient was equal to 9, 377; in the third step, the role model entered the equation, which was equal to 339/0. From these relationships, it can be concluded that cultural and social factors have a far more important impact than entrepreneurs on other variables.

With the growth of societies, women nowadays are much more involved in organizations and jobs than ever before and influential and active workforce. Although there has been a lot of progress in the presence of women over the past, the structural and social barriers and pressures to create a glass ceiling for women continue to this day. The purpose of this research is the interpretive model of glass ceiling consequences a based on Power Transition (Hegemonic) acceptance by Analysis Interpretive Ranking Process (IRP). In this research, to identify the components (consequences of glass ceiling) and research propositions (hegemonic of power acceptance), a combined analysis was performed with the participation of 15 management experts at the university level and In the quantitative part, the components and propositions identified in the form of matrix questionnaires were evaluated by 22 managers, officials and experts at different levels of the National Iranian Petroleum Products Distribution Company. The results showed that the hegemonic proposition of acceptance of power based on culture is considered as the most effective layer of acceptance of power in the studied organizations, which strengthens the outcome of disorder/conflict between roles in women working in the National Iranian Petroleum Products Distribution Company. This result shows that cultural authoritarianism has prevented women from gaining much of a position in the top positions of the organization because in general, patriarchal structures, due to the cultural acceptance of society, have placed the most important organizational positions in the hands of men and this culturally promotes values in which the distance between the position at the top and the bottom of the organization determines the limits of respect and social status for individuals, and culturally, men are often established in this position.

The present study is a qualitative study to phenomenologically examine lived experiences of women victims of sexual assault. The subjects of the study population were women who had been harassed and raped, and the researcher did not interfere in their treatment. Among this population, sampling was done snowball sampling (12 people). Using semi-structured interviews, information related to the sample was collected, and the findings were analyzed by the descriptive phenomenological approach and Colaizzi’ s method. After analyzing the content of the interviews and coding them, the findings include 8 main categories (low mood, post-traumatic stress, violence, lack of self-confidence, dysfunctional compensatory mechanisms, receiving annoying reactions from others, negative and deterrent consequences in daily life, constructive compensation) and 37 sub-categories. Findings showed that women who have been sexually assaulted still years after the accident, have not been able to cope with post-anxiety disorders or forget about it, and this has become a schema in them. Also, the most common symptoms were depression and aggression, and social and cultural factors were found to be effective in not treating them.

In this study, with a phenomenological approach, we seek to investigate and reconstruct the quality model of electronic banking services and its invisible aspects and diminish consumer losses with the possibility of vulnerability in the event of a corona pandemic. Based on existing theories and then focusing on the lived experience of individuals, this study tries to identify the dimensions, antecedents and, ultimately, the consequences of this phenomenon in the form of a model. Snowball sampling was carried out in the Tehran megacity, and data was gathered through a semi-structured interview with 25 participants. Through constant comparison of data; open, axial, and selective coding; as well as the analysis of relational content; concepts and themes were categorized. Data analysis showed that the quality of use and access, responsiveness, quality assurance, information, the attractiveness of use, security, emotional actions and functional value. Also, the antecedents affecting this phenomenon include previous experience, oral communication, organizational reputation, customer engagement, previous image, traditionalism and social responsibility, Finally, the consequences of this phenomenon include satisfaction and behavioural intentions. This qualitative study is one of the primary studies on older women's perceptions of the quality of e-banking services. Previous studies have not mentioned some findings of this study.

In the present age, ignoring the problems of women is in fact a deviation from the path of sustainable development. Women as a part of human capital and nurturers of today and the next generation are considered as an effective factor in advancing development goals in society and, therefore, while strengthening women's participation in all levels of society, their potential should be used in all levels of management and planning in society. This research aims to identify the relation between management roles and the personality characteristics of women based on Islamic teachings. The statistical population of this study consists of 200 female managers in government organizations in Khorasan Razavi province. Finally, 143 people were studied using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, and the validity of the structure was examined through factor analysis. The analysis of the research data was carried out by structural equations modelling using the SPSS software. The findings of this study showed that all personality traits of women, including faith in God, kindness, emotionality, high tolerance, high public relations, flexibility, risk-taking and self-confidence, have a positive and significant relationship with the managerial roles.