Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology
Year:2021 | Volume:14 | Issue:1|Papers Count:12

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the response of coagulation factors to different high intensity interval exercise protocols in young overweight men. Methods: Ten young overweight (BMI of 26. 5 ± 1. 43) were selected as subjects. After determination of their peak power output, Subjects performed two protocols of high intensity interval exercise in two next sessions: 110% of PPO, 6 reps 30 seconds with 3. 5-minute active recovery and 85% of PPO, 6 reps 2 minutes with 2 minutes active recovery, one week apart. Analyzes were performed before and immediately after each protocols. The independent t-test is used to compare means of two groups. Significance levels were set at P ≤ 0. 05 for all statistical analyses. Results: The results showed that regardless of the protocol types, high intensity interval training session had no significant effect on of PT (P > 0. 05), but the differences of PT responses in two protocols was significant (P < 0. 05). A High-intensity interval training session had no significant effect on PTT and fibrinogen (P > 0. 05). Evaluation the responses of these variables to protocols values showed no significant differences (P > 0. 05). Conclusion: Although the intensity of the activity relatively increased coagulation factors and decreased clotting time but interval exercise protocol was not had minimal differences on coagulation factors. Probably, Because of small changes in fibrinogen as one of acute phase proteins with these HIIT protocols, they could be useful training method for inactive people

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate neural (IEMG and RMS) and functional indexes after three weeks of Small Sided Game (SSGs) with continuous and interval blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods: Eighteen futsalists (age 22. 67 ± 1. 14 years) were divided into three groups without BFR (n=6), BFR (n=6), and interval BFR (n=6). All participants in the three-week study were small sided game with blood flow restriction. Electromyography device and the isoknetic system were used to collect data related with electrical activity and isokinetic variables. Results: In the lunges, the electrical activity of recrus femoris and biceps femoris muscles, only in the blood flow restriction groups (BFR and Interval BFR), there was a significant increase between groups (P > 0. 05). Shoot variables did not significantly increase between groups and intra-group (P < 0. 05). Sargent jumps also did not significantly increase between groups (P > 0. 05). Power was also increased in extension and flexion, only in groups with blood flow restriction significant increase between groups was found (P> 0. 05). Work / body weight did not significantly increase between group and intra-group (P < 0. 05). The work fatigue and average peak torque had similar results, so that they only increased significantly in the Paired-Sample t-test groups with blood flow restriction (P > 0. 05). Conclusion: Although the results of the present study showed that the increase in functional and neural activation indexes in futsalists with blood flow restriction in the protocol training, but more research are needed in the field of BFR + SSG in order to recommend this protocol to coaches and futsalists.

Purpose: Weakness in balance is one of the risk factors for falling, injuries or even death of elderly. Age increases the number of falls and decreases the quality of life. The main objective of this research was to compare the effects of exercises with Balance board and Pilates on static and dynamic balance of elderly women. Methods: From among elderly women located in Isfahan city, 36 persons (with average age of 71± 2. 4 years old, height of 1. 61± 0. 56 m, weight of 60± 6. 4 kg and body mass index of 24. 49 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into three groups as follows: Pilates exercises (n=12), balance boards exercises (n=12) and combined exercises (n=12); so they performed Pilates exercise plan, exercise plan related to the balance and simultaneous Pilates and balance board plan for eight weeks, respectively. Before and after the intervention, static and dynamic balance was measured using the stork static balance and Get up and go Test (TUG) Life. Data were analyzed through ANOVA with repeated measures and at the significance level of 0. 05. Results: The experimental groups showed a significant difference before and after the intervention in the fear of static and dynamic balance factors (P < 0. 05). The comparison of the data between the three groups regarding the static and dynamic balance showed a significant difference before and after the training period, so that the recovery rate in the experimental group of combined exercises was more than the other two groups. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the exercises were effective in the three experimental groups, but the improvement in the experimental group of combined exercises was more than the other two groups, so this protocol can be used as a complementary rehabilitation method to improve the static and dynamic balance of elderly people (P = 0. 011).

Purpose: Adropin a secreted protein is encoded by a gene Energy Homeostasis Associated (Enho) expressed in different tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on adropin plasma level and insulin resistance index in overweight men. Methods: For this purpose, 24 volunteer overweight men (age 25. 3 ± 5. 1, body mass index 27. 74 ± 2. 54) were randomly divided into two groups of training and control. The training group held a resistance program for eight weeks, three sessions in each. The resistance program included three sets of 10 repetitions with 65, 75 and 85% 1RM for eight movements. One minute rest time was considered between sets and movements. Before and after the training period, the interested indices were measured by standard methods. Results: ANOVA with Repeated measure test showed that there was a significant difference between the changes in adropin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance (P = 0. 001), also showed that adropin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance (P = 0. 001) are significant only in the training group. Conclusion: It seems that this kind of resistance training has been able to stimulate adropin due to the sufficient duration and intensity of the activity.

Purpose: Bones are largely influenced by nutrition, activity levels and lifestyle, and structural adaptations in the form and size of the bone occur by the forces of weight bearing and forces applied by the muscles. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine whether different resistance training intensities affect on expression of mir-204 and transcription factors of osteogenic, Runx2 and biomechanical properties on bone in old male wistar rats. Methods: This experimental study was done on 24 Wistar male rats (23 months old and with an average weight of 437. 93 gram). They were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=8) include moderate (60% maximum voluntary carrying capacity: MVCC) and high intensity (80% MVCC) resistance training and control according to initial weight. The two training groups completed eight weeks of training program, five days a week according to resistance protocols. After completing training, expression of mir-204 on bone marrow were measured RT-PCR and Three – point bending test was used to determine bone biomechanical properties. The statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and one-way ANOVA test with significance level of P < 0. 05 Results: There was no significance in expression of mir-204 (P = 0. 539), Runx2 (P = 0. 960), module (P = 0. 82), stress (P = 0. 80), fracture energy (P = 0. 99) and bone force (P = 0. 81) between the intervention groups and control group. Conclusion: It seems that considering the lack of meaning in the results of this study, it seems that the duration of exercise was not sufficient to influence bone variables. then longer periods of this type of exercise exercise will be investigated in future research.

Purpose: Aging is a process of progressive reduction of physiological and functional factors. One of the important changes that occur during this period is the reduction of angiogenesis. Many studies have shown that sports activities can prevent the development of these factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of concentric isokinetic activity (low intensity) with blood flow restriction on serum VEGF levels in active elderly men. Methods: For this purpose, 10 healthy men at age range 60-80 year were selected through convenience sampling in a Tehran-based park (average weight: 77. 8± 9. 25 kg, height: 175. 9± 2. 92 cm, BMI: 25. 15± 2. 85kg/m2). Blood flow restriction was performed with a Doppler device to obtain 50% of the maximum restricted blood pressure for the session. Subjects performed four knee flexion and extension activities with 20% of one-repetition maximum and at an angular velocity of 30 degrees per second, complete flexion and extension of the leg. Initially, they performed the first time with 30 repetitions and the other three times with 15 repetitions and with 30 seconds rest between each time. Before the start of the protocol, blood sampling was performed immediately and two hours after the activity, and serum VEGF was measured by ELISA. 2 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data after ensuring their normal distribution. Results: The results of data analysis showed that serum levels of VEGF, in response to concentric isokinetic activity with restricted blood flow, increased significantly compared to concentric isokinetic activity without restricted blood flow (P = 0. 01). Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that in the elderly, the use of the blood flow restriction method, despite the low intensity of activity, had a significant effect on serum VEGF levels as one of the angiogenic factors in active elderly men.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to comparison of the effect of two different frequencies of aerobic exercise with the same volume and detraining period on the levels of IL-6, TNF-α and lipid profiles in obese middle-aged women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Thirty-six obese women age? ? with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups of 12 equal members (Group I = three sessions and group two = six sessions per week, with the same volume). Subjects in Groups I and II performed aerobic training for eight weeks with an intensity of 60 to 75% of the maximum heart rate and the same volume. Samples were taken Pre-test, 48 hours and two weeks after the last training session. Biochemical variables were measured by ELISA method. The repeated measure of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni’ s post hoc test was used to evaluate intra-group changes and One-way ANOVA with post-test Tukey test were used to evaluate the inter-group outcomes at each stage. Results: After eight weeks of interventions, the intergroup results showed that TNF-α , IL-6, TG and total cholesterol were only significantly reduced in Group I (P <0. 05). Also, the between-group results showed a significant difference between groups one with control, and I with two in the above variables (P < 0. 05). However, there was no significant difference between the group two with control in the post-test and detraining stages (P <0. 05). And there was no significant difference between group two and control in post-test and detraining stages (P <0. 05). Moreover, results in weight, body fat and BMI variables were only significantly reduced in Group I (P <0. 05). Conclusion: The effect of exercise training with a longer duration than the frequency in short-term training sessions was better in controlling the IL-6, TNF-α and lipid profiles in obese women with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: Biomarkers contain prognostic information for the identification and prevention of heart disease. Galactin-3 is one of the most probable intermediates between the activation of macrophages and cardiac fibrosis. This study investigates the expression of galectin-3 gene in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats following a period of continuous and interval endurance training. Methods: In the present study, 32 rats were kept under standard conditions and divided into four groups (healthy control group, ischemic control group, continuous training group and interval training group). The healthy control group, without an infarction, and ischemic control group, were suffered cardiac infarction after eight weeks. The training groups have also performed endurance training on treadmill for eight weeks and were suffered cardiac infarction after 48 hours of rest. One week after induction and confidence of ischemia, the rat’ s hearts were separated and qRT-PCR method was used to measure the myocardium LGALS3 gene expression. t-test and one-way ANOVA test and then Tukey’ s post hoc test were used with significant level 0. 05 to compare the groups. Results: The findings of this research showed a significant increase in the expression of galectin-3 gene in heart tissue of male Wistar rats after induction of myocardial infarction compared to healthy control group (P < 0. 05). Also, the relative expression of this gene in the ischemia control group was significantly higher than the both training groups (P < 0. 05). Comparing two types of training, the relative level of expression of galectin-3 gene was lower in the continuous group (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Suffering from infarction leads to increase in some of the myocardial risk factors and Cardiac fibrosis. Endurance training, especially regular continuous training can moderate the increase in some of these factors.

Purpose: The pathway for a Rapamycin target in mammals (mTORC1) is one of the important pathways for protein synthesis in the heart, and diabetes can lead to disorder of this pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the left ventricular muscle tissue of the heart obese rats with type 2 diabetic. Methods: In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (with mean weight of 300 ± 20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ and nicotinamide was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for four weeks’ accordance with the training program for four weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. Results: There was no significant difference change the total form content of the AKT1 proteins (p=0. 56), mTOR (p=0. 50), P70S6K1 (p=0. 99) and 4E-BP1 (p=0. 32) in the training group compared to the control group; Also, the HIIT training did not significantly changed the phosphorylated form content of AKT1ser473 (p=0. 25), mTORser2448 (p=0. 74), P70S6K1Thr389 (p=0. 37) and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 (p=0. 38) proteins in the training group compared to the control group. Conclusion: HIIT training has not significantly changed the total and phosphorylated form content of the AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the left ventricle of heart tissue obese rats with type 2 diabetic.

Purpose: long-term high intensity endurance training might be associated with an increased risk of cardiac fibrosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term and high intensity endurance training can lead to pathological structural changes in the heart of the rats. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats (four weeks old) were randomly divided into two groups: control and training. Extreme endurance training was performed on a treadmill (five sessions per week for 16 weeks). After euthanasia, ventricular collagen deposition was quantified by Masson trichrome– stained images method, and PKP2 and TGF-β 1 gene and proteins expression were measured by Real Time-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Data were analyzed by independent t-test at P ≤ 0. 05. Results: the rate of collagen deposition and TGF-β 1 gene and protein expression in the right ventricles of the rats were significantly increased. On the other hand, PKP2 gene expression in the training group was significantly decreased, but PKP2 protein expression was decreased in the exercise group and was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this animal study, cardiac fibrosis and increased expression of desmosomal proteins were observed after intense and prolonged exercise. This suggests that vigorous and prolonged endurance exercise may possibly cause pathological changes in the right ventricle by disrupting the structure of the desmosomes and forming fibrous tissue.

Purpose: Maintaining cardiac rhythm and contraction – during and flowing exercise training in particular-are challenges that exercise science scientists has always been facing. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship between cardiac autonomic function after upper body exercise and total body water in men of different ages. Methods: Twenty-four active men voluntarily participated after describing the goals and stages of the study, and then divided into two groups of 12 (middle-aged and elderly). Kubios heart rate variability software was used in order to measure heart rate variability. Heart rate variability was measured at rest, during and following five and10 minutes after upper body exercise. Body composition analyzer was used to determine the total body water of the participants. To examine the changes and the relationship between the variables of the research, statistical analysis of ANOVA with repeated measures and Pearson correlation were used, respectively. Results: The results showed that in both middle-aged and elderly groups, heart rate variability decreased during and immediately after exercise compared to rest (P < 0. 05), but it increased in five and 10 minutes of recovery as compared to immediately after exercise (P < 0. 05). Further, significant relationships were found between heart rate variability and total body water in both middle-aged and elderly groups (P < 0. 05). Conclusion: Overall, our findings showed that the heart rate variability in both middle-aged and elderly groups during and after upper body exercise is related to total body water. Therefore, it can be concluded that changes in cardiac autonomic system depend on the type of activity, the age of the participants, and the amount of total water body.

Purpose: In previous studies, there was a relationship between angiogenesis and oxidative stress thus the aim of this study was to compare the effect of two protocols of mid and long-term on left ventricular angiogenesis in male rats. Methods: The 18 male Wistar rats of 210 ± 20g, were randomly assigned in to three equal groups: control, mid and long-term group. Training groups swam in 32 water five days per week for 10 weeks. The mid-term group swam for one hour and the long-term group for three hours per session. One day after the end of the protocol, left ventricle of the heart was removed. Real-time PCR method was used to measure the genes expression of Vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-B, Fibroblast-Growth-Factor-B, Angiopoiteine1&2. Differences were determined using by ANOVA One-Way method and the groups were compared by Tukey follow-up test at the significant level of P < 0. 05. Results: The genes expression levels of Vascular-endothelial-growth factor-B, Angiopoiteine1&2 and Matrix-metalloproteinases-2 were significantly increased in the long-term group in compared to the both the control and mid-term groups, and in the mid-term group in compared to the control group, but the gene expression of Fibroblast-Growth-Factor-B had a significant increase only in the mid-term group in compared to the control group (P = 0. 001). Conclusion: Due to the significantly increase of nitric-oxide, the angiogenesis process in the long-term group can be related to shear stress, and in the mid-term group, due to a significant increase in Malondialdehyde, it was attributed to oxidative stress.