Journal of Architecture in Hot and Dry Climateis
Year:2021 | Volume:9 | Issue:13|Papers Count:12

The architecture of Vernacular houses in many desert cities-based on climatic, functional and cultural considerations-is formed in a combination of open, semi-open and closed spaces. Each of these spaces, in turn, in accordance with the conditions mentioned (and especially climatic characteristics and regulation of environmental conditions) have emerged in different types and kinds. Among these, semi-open spaces have a special and readable place, mainly as an intermediate link and areas between open and closed spaces. A look at the vernacular houses of Naein city, as one of the cities located in the hot and dry climate of the desert, also shows that in the architecture of these houses, special attention has been paid to the formation of semi-open spaces and different types of these spaces have been created. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying semi-open spaces in Safavid and Qajar houses of Naein city and tried to identify the architectural components and features of these spaces and explain their relationship with other related spaces. This article is based on descriptive-analytical and comparative comparison research method and has collected the required data through field observations, referring to library sources, historical documents and also referring to oral sources. In order to limit the scope of research, the studies focus only on houses belonging to the Safavid and Qajar periods in the city of Naein. The Results show that generally in Safavid and Qajar houses of Naein, semi-open spaces (despite having various ratios of the total area of the building) often on average with an area of about 6% of the total houses spaces in combination with closed and open spaces have been used. In this regard, three types of semi-open space including "Ivan", "Ivancheh" and "Talar" can be identified, each of which has its own unique characteristics in terms of shape, location and function.

Inscriptions and epigraphy in the ornamentation of Islamic era monuments have been applied and considered by Muslim artists as a link of the calligraphy and architecture since the early Islamic centuries and is performed by the artists as yet. Over time, historical monuments such as inscriptions are undoubtedly subjected to various damages, and these valuable works suffer from various perspectives of aesthetics, authenticity, unity, integrity, and readability. Largescale restoration operations are carried out every year in the country, and inscriptions are not excepted. However, inscriptions are accounted as an important part of the world's cultural heritage and the most important documents for research about historical monuments, but in most cases, the restoration of inscriptions is a matter of taste and sometimes done incorrectly. For this reason, attempts were made to select some samples of restorations of written inscriptions, which were critically studied from the viewpoint of theoretical foundations of restoration and the basics of visual arts. The results of the research indicate that the performed restorations are a matter of taste and the visual arts basics were not considered in the restoration of most of the written inscriptions, and the inscriptions have lost their beauty and integrity, readability and originality, etc. On one hand, in accordance with the theoretical foundations of restoration there is no criterion for restoring the areas with lack of written inscriptions. Not only Iran, but also the international community have not noticed this issue. Therefore, there is a need for a serious review of the criteria in accordance with the theoretical principles of restoration considering the importance of calligraphy and observing the basics of the visual arts in the renovation of the written inscriptions. The results indicate that despite the lack of criteria for the restoration of the deficient area of inscriptions, the restorer should have an excellent command of maintaining integrity, authenticity and aesthetics, twelve components of calligraphy, different types of calligraphy, and the basics of visual arts, in addition to the theoretical foundations of restoration while restoring the deficient areas in the inscriptions. The research method of this article is qualitative and descriptively-comparative; the accumulation methods inclusive of field studies, reference to various sources and desk research and is practical in terms of purpose.

The historical context of Kashan has a Qajar frame work, and includes valuable and magnificent buildings. This context has several neighborhoods, and one of them, which is strongly believed to be the oldest and also the primary nucleus of the city, is the famous Meydan Kuhneh neighborhood, the site of one of the oldest buildings in the city, the old Jameh Mosque. So far, there are no published studies addressing the architecture of this mosque and its history and evolution. This study intends to identify the structure and components of this building, and the evolution and development of the Jameh Mosque. In this documentary research we applied an interpretive-historical method, and an attempt has been made to identify the current condition of the mosque building based on field studies. Then, relying on historical sources and physical evidence, while examining the situation of different periods of the mosque, its formation, development and evolution has been discussed. The results indicate that the primary core of the neighborhood was formed near the northern edge of the old context in line with the path of historical passages. The Jameh Mosque was one of the primary components of the neighborhood, which was developed and expanded along with the evolution of the neighborhood. It was changed from an old crypt building at the same level of the historical bazaar to a two-story structure that was probably built in the second century AH. After that while it expanded into a prayer hall and a minaret was added during the Seljuk period making it a Shabestani mosque. In the Ilkhani and Timurid periods, a porch and a dome were added to the building; By the general reconstruction in the Zandieh period and during the restorations and the addition of some minor spaces in the Qajar period, gradually it changed into a two-porch mosque with two middle open spaces, located on two levels of basement and ground floor. As the neighborhood declined and the center of the city changed the Jameh Mosques prosperity fell and it became a local mosque.

Dulatabad Farmstead was set up around Qom in the early Qajar era by a person named Mirza Abolhasan Khan known as Seyed Kahaki. This Farmstead was formed as one of the most important historical farmstead in the central plateau of Iran mimicking the Keshtkhani castles patterns and continued to operate with the deployment of people from the Lor Bakhtiari tribe until the second Pahlavi period coinciding with land reform in Iran. After that, it became a village and abandoned as farmers began to migrate to the surrounding cities. Parts of the Keshtkhan are now active Farmsteads with the remnants of physical elements such as; the mill, aqueduct, caravanserai, wells and Keshtkhani castle can be seen in this place. The main issue of the research is the increasing destruction of the whole farm of Dulatabad and its identity change in the shadow of forgetfulness and unawareness of farm dwellers, officials and scientific communities. This research introduced two questions: How was Dulatabad Farmstead created? What factors affected the creation and demolition of Dulatabad Farmstead? This study aimed to introduce Dulatabad Farmstead by analyzing its past and present forms. For this, an attempt was made to use an interpretive and historical-interpretive approach to study the written documents and delve into the material work. Oral documents and interviews with current and previous farm dwellers, as well as scientific and technical studies on the remaining works, constitute the main tools of the research method. Research on this regard reveals that physical and functional systems and economic, exploitation, architectural, social and cultural sub-systems played a role in the creation of Dulatabad Farmstead and factors such as; changes in ownership, abolition of feudum, land reform in the 1940s, relative security in the country, and environmental and climatic factors led to its disintegration. Registration of this Farmstead in the list of national monuments, granting of past use along with homogeneous conversion industries and using of it for different fields of tourism, especially farm and agro-tourism can be considered as ways to protect physical and functional systems of Dulatabad Qom Farmstead.

Referring to the act of discovering the concealed potentials of the blessings, “ Behyaft” as a verb, primarily differs from similar cases such as recycling and upcycling; due to the “ monotheistic intellectual system” in which it is defined. Behyaft can be considered as synonymous to authentic terms such as “ Amal Avordan” (produce), “ Kimia” (alchemy), and the act of altering restriction into opportunity, which are the most widely applied terms in civilizations located at environmentally deprived climates such as the cities established at the edge of the deserts of Iran. Through the “ Mashgh” (practice) of Behyaft, by employing obsolete materials, higher-value products are created. In this sense, any action that leads to the elevation of the value of things could be considered as a type of Behyaft; and can be a basis for redefining the concept of architecture with its original definition as “ Abadani” . At the second step, Behyaft as a school of thought is one of the leading concepts in the Iranian architecture civilization, and it can be recognized as the invisible root for the emergence of many visible epitomes of this civilization. This article believes that the Behyaft as a school of thought can evolve any thought or action by acting as a supporting philosophy. This article is considered as a descriptive-analytical research that relies on the logical reasoning method, based on the initial definitions of the concept of Behyaft, and referring to library resources and field studies, leads to presenting an operational model. This article introduces the Mashgh-e-Behyaft as a way to revitalize the Behyaft school of thought, which is defined as the implementation of the practice of Behyaft in a disciplined method, consisting of its three stages: Bonyaft, Behyaft, and Daryaft. There is a reciprocal interaction between the Mashgh and the school of thought, which leads to the progression of the theoretical fields of Behyaft as a school of thought due to the “ sprouting potential” of the Mashgh. Finally, this article proposes a system, designed for Mashgh-e-Behyaft workshops.

Baluchistan is a large region in southeastern Iran, and it is a part of the vast province of Sistan and Baluchestan, In Balochistan, different types of mobile housing; like balls, Kashs and rooms, are observable. These different types of spaces have been formed in response to the needs of the local people according to the different conditions and facilities of the ecosystem, and they have used various indigenous materials over time shaped by the experience of local people. These spaces, while having weaknesses and shortcomings, have many capabilities. One of the capabilities seen in housings in this area is the flexibility in the choice of materials and construction technology to respond to various biological needs, including: adaptation to environmental and climatic conditions, continuous life cycle, the possibility of multiple generations living in these houses, the possibility of change, growth and use of space over time, etc. Such features are less common in today's type and package housing, and it seems that designers pay less attention to such items like multi-functional spaces, the existence of flexible and programmable spaces according to the needs of residents and spaces with various qualities; This article seeks to answer the questions of whether vernacular rural housing in Balochistan is flexible and what are the criteria for flexible vernacular housing. For this research, a qualitative method based on field and library studies has been used. This study shows that flexibility in housing in this region is the result of a strong relationship between human and nature.

The current research studies the inside-outside relationship in the architecture of the mosques of Iran from the beginning to the Safavid era. This research aims to reveal the evolution course of the architecture of Iranian mosques to establish a balanced relationship between the inside and outside areas. In other words, the Iranian architects tried to link the building of the mosque with its context using the solutions evolved in a historic course and develop the inside-outside spatial integration while preserving the sanctuary of the mosque. The research method is a mixed method of logical reasoning and case study. First, the determining criteria of the inside-outside relationship of the buildings were classified by reviewing the existing theories. Since this classification is conducted from a critical and complementary perspective, the current research is classified as logical reasoning in secondary studies. The obtained theoretical foundation paves the way to test the hypothesis. As buildings to which most of the communities’ ability were allocated in many eras and thus, can represent the architecture of the mosques better than other types, samples of the Jame’ mosques were selected based on the priorities to test the hypothesis. The examples were analyzed based on the library documents, including images and plans of the buildings and their changes in historical periods. It was revealed that the inside-outside relationship in the initial mosques was more than the maximum separation between these two areas. However, in the next periods, some solutions were eventually applied in the design of the mosques, directing the inside-outside relationship towards more connection between these two areas. These solutions led to more connections and relationships between the mosque and its surrounding through improving the visual connection, the movement, and the formal-structural relationship.

A population of 8. 9 billion up to 2050 will need more energy and resources. The economic growth accelerates fossil fuel exhaustion by the end of this century. Energy has an important role in sustainable development; therefore, the world will encounter energy crisis. In our country, vast expanse of hot dry climate is extending and so is the need of energy for cooling systems (cooling consumes more energy than heating). On the other hand, sustainability of an Oil-dependant economy will be threatened by energy crisis. Surveys reveal that 50 to 60 percent of energy consumption and also carbon and construction waste production is related to architecture and urban design. Since the total energy of the building is a combination of embodied energy and operational energy this essay aims to analyze these factors to find the best method for energy use reduction. Measurement of the embodied energy is not possible in Iran, owing to not having access to accurate information about the process of construction, material, details, transportation, repairs and maintenance. Therefore, some experiments of other countries were studied and their results were used in this research. Results of this research show the importance of initial design, effective details and improvement of construction methods which can increase the durability of a building. Durable materials with less embodied energy and modern repair and maintenance methods can lead us to this goal. Furthermore, comparing embodied energy with operational energy showed that an increase in the first one, by means of extra insulation, making thermal inertia by increasing width of walls and ceilings will reduce operational energy and as well total energy use. A comprehensive system of architecture is able to make a wise balance between embodied energy and operational energy through energy-based initial design, designing flexible patterns, using materials with less embodied energy, increasing lifespan of the building, using proper details with reversible dry connections, and modern construction methods. Finally, a proper portion of energy in normal lifespan of a building will lead to reduction of total energy in architecture. Strategies recommended to reduce total energy of the building during its lifespan through decreasing and conserving embodied energy are as follows: Initial design with energy saving approach, using long-lasting reversible, flexible, changeable construction and architecture patterns, and using durable materials with least embodied energy in production phase. Improving technology efficiency of factories produce materials with least embodied energy, increasing the efficiency of the transportation system, decreasing carrying distance and reusing materials, installation of accessible facilities in the walls, ceilings and floor. Improving the knowledge and methods used for splitting the components instead of demolition and using reversible proper construction details by means of dry connections (bolts and nuts) instead of wet connections (mortar, glue and resin). Regular wise reconstruction, retrofitting, renovation, repair, maintenance when necessary to increase lifespan of the building.

Design of the faç ade in accordance with climatic conditions is crucial to improve its ventilation function and to increase energy savings. Double skin faç ade (DSF) is a popular type of faç ade in office buildings among designers. The naturally ventilated double skin faç ade (NVDSF) is notable in terms of its energy performance mechanism. The NVDSF functional mechanism is based on thermal performance and airflow in the cavity. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to improve the function of these faç ades. In this paper, the geometric features of NVDSF are examined to achieve the best flow simulation strategy to promote accuracy and fewer errors in results and obtain the optimal time for computer simulation calculations using FLUENT software and sensitivity analysis. Laboratory measurements of a NVDSF sample were used to verify the simulation results. The findings revealed that the results of the three-dimensional model are more accurate compared to the two-dimensional one, especially for predicting the temperature values of glass surfaces. Also, the Y+ parameter is the determinant parameter in choosing the mesh dimensions so that its value is about 1 for the first grid close to the walls. Determining the optimal scale of the three-dimensional model can reduce computation and design time. On the other hand, the cross section shape and the area of air inlets of NVDSF are effective parameters on faç ade’ s thermal performance. The results showed that increasing the width of the cavity can improve the thermal performance of the facade. Increasing the cross section of the inlet and outlet ventilation, and thus increasing the air flow in the cavity, does not necessarily lead to improving the thermal performance of the faç ade. Using low emission glass compared to ordinary glass, especially for the outer wall of the double skin faç ade, reduces the heat flux passing through the inner glass surface of double skin facade into the building space by an average of 23. 1%. Finally, for the optimal design of double skin facade, it is necessary to pay attention to all the variables affecting the facade performance and perform economic analysis to choose from the options with suitable thermal performance.

Introversion is one of the principles of Iranian-Islamic architecture, which is derived from the importance and sanctity of family life and self-esteem of Iranians, and has been described as increasing attention to the space and simplicity and cleanliness outside; This study seeks to investigate the different types of housing, features and elements that make up the physicalspatial structure of the entrances of houses in Shiraz during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods and with a ray of light on a part of the architectural history of Shiraz, Take a step towards revitalizing its architectural identity and by increasing the number of examples and expanding the scope of domains and extracted components affecting each domain, it can develop architectural and practical designs and general rules for evaluation and even Achieve design and assist designers and planners in achieving the desired pattern of housing entry in the area, tailored to human needs. Accordingly, the research strategy is a combination of survey type, and since the independent variables of the research are the domains and sub-components of introversion and the dependent variable of the research are the input structure of the houses; Qualitative research data through historical and library sources and documents, observations and semi-structured interviews with professors and experts, and in a quantitative dimension in order to explain the spatial configuration of houses based on syntax or layout. The space is collected using hierarchical and Depth map software. The results show that there is a significant correlation between introversion and the entrance structure of Iranian houses in the Qajar period and the first Pahlavi period, and the evolution of introversion causes differences in different types of housing, characteristics and elements that make up the physical-spatial structure are entered; Thus, the entrance structure of Iranian houses in the Qajar period has introversion and secrecy, and the closer we get to the first Pahlavi period, the less it becomes and the tendency towards extroversion, the more It becomes.

In the last few years, the urban population growth, the upward trend in housing prices and its conversion into economic goods, and the structural pattern alteration from traditional to modern have resulted in degradation in both quality and size in semi-open spaces compared to the past. This issue, being observed in the city of Sabzevar, endangers mental security, health, and life quality. Thus, considering the importance of root-cause analysis for the existing problems, and understanding the status of the current semi-open places, the desired functionality of these spaces has been the purpose of this study. This study aims to provide adequate answers to the following questions: Which parameters impact the functionality of a balcony as an example of a semi-open space, and how desirable and significant are these factors. Considering the theoretical background, four components of somatic, social, operational, and cognitive factors, including their corresponding criteria, are examined to investigate the association between human-beings and such spaces. As a result, the balcony is regarded as a private semi-open space. This research has been done subjectively, and has been carried out based on documentary research, field research and questionnaires. Fifty questionnaires were distributed among residents of Sabzevar who live in flats with balconies to conduct the case study. Analyzing data using (SPSS. 26) proves that the balconies are predominantly applied for laundry drying and keeping plants. Among somatic, cognitive, operational, and social components the operational component has the greatest, and the social component has the slightest significance from the residents' perspective. On one hand, safety and security are more desirable. On the other hand, the possibility of interaction with family members and people in public is less desirable. The difference between the desirability and importance of each criterion from the residents’ point of view, chiefly perceptible in the criteria of interaction with family members and the flexibility, represents that this type of space cannot fulfill the current needs. As a result, more attention should be devoted by designers to these deficiencies.

Passive defense in architecture and urban planning was formed based on the defense strategies of human societies. Passive defense includes principles that increase the defensive power of societies and reduce the vulnerability of humans, buildings, and facilities to crises. Today, the principles of passive defense were changed due to the development of societies and the dangers they face. But some of the principles that were conceived in historical periods for the design of cities, villages, and architectural elements share commonalities with today's principles of passive defense. These principles were also used in the old Mourcheh Khort Citadel. This citadel, as one of the vast and complete historical contexts, makes it possible to study the principles of passive defense in the Islamic period. The questions are: what are the passive defense measures in the old Mourcheh Khort Citadel? How have these measures affected the spatial organization and architectural elements of the Mourcheh Khort Citadel? The purpose of this article is to explain the principles of passive defense in the design of the spatial organization and the architectural elements of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel as one of the most prominent and enduring examples of historical monuments in central Iran. The architectural features of Mourcheh Khort citadel were collected in the archaeological field survey of the citadel in 2009 and 2017 and then, these features were documented. Data related to the principles of passive defense were also obtained through documentary methods. This research as a qualitative research was done in a descriptiveanalytical method. Then, data analysis was performed separately for the spatial organization and architectural features. The results show that the spatial organization of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel was influenced by factors such as the ease of meeting vital needs during natural and unnatural hazards, the decentralized design of residential quarters, the enclosed and defensive elements, and the creation of escape routes. winding passages leading to dead ends is an example of the principle of deception in the spatial organization of the citadel. In terms of the characteristics of the architectural elements, some measures were considered, such as angled access to the spaces, a room above the entrances to control the movement of people, gated and dead-end alleys, the lower floor level of the yard, windows and doors in high elevations, and strengthening of buildings through connection and proximity of structures to reduce vulnerability and maintain the safety of residents in the old Mourcheh Khort citadel. Introversion and simple facades are examples of the principle of deception in architectural features. Also, features such as hiding places, angled entrances, and the same color of the materials with the environment are examples of the camouflage principles in the architectural features of the old Mourcheh Khort citadel.