Medicine and Spiritual Cultivation
Year:2020 | Volume:29 | Issue:2|Papers Count:8

Background and purpose: Telepharmacy is the use of communication technology to provide pharmaceutical care to patients. It can be used for different purposes and in different situations such as epidemies, for disabled patients or those who do not have access to pharmacies. This service became especially important during the 2019 Coronavirus virus epidemy. Given the positive effects of this technology in delivering pharmaceutical care in epidemies, it is necessary to assess the risks and benefits of its implementation in Iran health system. Materials and Methods: Searching in Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, and SID databases was done with the right keywords. 346 articles found, unrelated articles, duplicates were excluded and 225 remained, after evaluating the full text of the articles, 65 articles had included. Results: Telepharmacy was associated with enhanced interprofessional communications and collaborations, job satisfaction, documentation, improved communication between patients and professions, increased rate of adverse drug events identification, saving time and the money, decreased medication errors, morbidity and mortality among drug consumers. Undesirable outcomes such as higher cost for providing infrastructures, more time for education of stuffs and patients, define and revise politics and interaction with current regulations are risks associated with telepharmacy which need more attention. So far, no article has been found that evaluate the role of telepharmacy in epidemies. Conclusion: Studies demonstrate that telepharmacy is associated with desirable outcomes for health system, stuffs, patients and drug consumers. Further studies are needed to investigate other outcomes of telepharmacy in different settings of health system.

Background and purpose: The overall objective of the present study was to investigate the role of scientific authority and futurism in the development of fourth generation universities in order to present a model in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: The applied study adopted a descriptive and survey-based approach to conduct the study. The population consisted of 465 managers and faculty members of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Based on Cochran formula, 210 individuals were selected by stratified random sampling. For data collection, a questionnaire including 60 questions on scientific authority, 56 for futurism and 40 questions for fourth generation university development was used. The face and content validity of the instruments were confirmed by experts and their reliability was calculated using Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient leading to 0. 88 for scientific reference, 0. 95 for futurism and 0. 91 for fourth generation university development. The structural equation test was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that futurism with standard coefficient of (0. 686) had the highest impact on the fourth generation universities development. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the role of scientific authority and futrism in the development of fourth generation universities in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences was positive and significant. Also, the proposed model has an appropriate goodness of fit.

Background and purpose: The content and structural dimensions of medical universities and health education institutions are critical to the success of these organizations. The movement of universities from the disciplines to the new knowledge based Organization requires the examination of the status of these dimensions. This study was conducted to design and psychometrically evaluate the content and structural dimensions of the organization of medical universities and higher education institutes. Materials and Methods: This was done in the academic year of 1398-1397 and in two stages. In the qualitative research, design items and then took a psychometric questionnaire. The initial tool was designed with 139 items and was reduced to 124 items after two Delphi stages. Quantitative and qualitative formal validity was investigated and its reliability was determined by Cronbach’ s alpha method and hybrid reliability. Results: After determining the validity and reliability, a questionnaire with 16 dimensions and 86 items was designed. The value of the content validity index of all items was above 0. 7. In the study of structural validity, the factor load factor of all items, appropriate values mainly above 0. 7, reliability of both criteria )Alpha Cronbach, composite reliability( all dimensions above 0. 7, average variance and extracted showed more than 0. 5 in all dimensions. Conclusion: The results of this study are a good indication of the strength of the factor structure and reliability of the content measurement tools of the content and structural dimensions of the major universities of medical sciences in Region One. This tool can be considered and used by researchers to measure the content and structural dimensions in other universities of medical sciences and higher education institutions.

Background and purpose: Nowadays, higher education has a special place in society as an institution for educating specialized human resources. One of the important factors affecting the quality of the output of the higher education system is faculty members. Utilizing the experiences of developed countries and comparative studies in this field can be one of the appropriate methods to make policies for recruiting faculty members. Considering the importance and necessity of this issue, this study aimed to compare the policies of recruiting faculty members in the higher education system of the top universities in the world and Iran. Materials and Methods: This qualitative study is descriptive-analytical. Nine documents from top universities based on the policies of recruiting faculty members were compared with this process in Iran. Results: From studing the faculty recruitment policies of of selected countries and its analysis eight themes were extracted: diversity, justice, equality, transparency, priority of specific groups, international appeal, diversity and accountability. Conclusion: Although the policies making in each country are appropriate to the cultural, social and higher education system characteristics of that country, paying attention to them, puts new horizons and new perspectives before higher education policymakers to be used to improve Iran’ s higher education system.

Background and purpose: Professors play an important and undeniable role in achieving educational goals and creating success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a model based on the impact of mentoring on responsive education in macro-medical universities of region 1 based on the fourth-generation universities approach. Materials and Methods: The present applied research was conducted in 2019-2020 with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative) with an exploratory design. The statistical population in the qualitative section was 14 faculty members being selected through purposive sampling method and in the quantitative part, from 1851 faculty members and adjunct professors at medical universities based on Cochran’ s formula, 320 people were selected by stratified random sampling as a statistical sample. To collect data, two researcher-made questionnaires on mentoring with fourth generation universities approach and responsive education were used. To analyze the data, path analysis tests and structural equations in the form of SPSS21 and PLS3. 2 software were used. Results: The results of data analysis showed that based on path coefficients, a factor load of 0. 520 was established between mentoring and responsive education and the value of t-statistic (11/204) was out of (2. 58 and 2-58) range. The effect of mentoring on responsive training was significant at the 0. 99 level. Conclusion: The results showed that the relationship between mentoring and responsive education was confirmed and the effect of mentoring on responsive education in macro-medical universities of region 1 based on the fourth-generation universities approach was positive and significant.

Background and purpose: Evidence shows that managers have a significant role in the dynamics of organizations. Accordingly, the empowerment of managers should be designed taking into account the dynamics of the role of managers. Among the various empowerment approaches, no research has been reported on the dynamic empowerment of university administrators and the elements of dynamic empowerment. The aim of this study was to identify the components of dynamic empowerment in educational administrators of medical universities. Materials and Methods: This study was a review with a qualitative approach. The statistical population of the present study included articles related to the keywords of dynamic capabilities and dynamic empowerment in English and Persian, which were published in the form of review articles, original research in electronic databases. According to the researcher, 10 models, 10 Review article, 10 research articles and 10 definitions of related books were analyzed by conventional method and content analysis method was used in MAXQDA20 software to analyze the texts. Results: The components of dynamic empowerment in managers are summarized in the form of 12 categories and 22 subcategories, which were extracted from 64 main codes and 226 open codes. The twelve categories of dynamic empowerment included: skills and competencies, human resources, managerial competencies, leadership, structural, executive, process, dynamic processes, training, communication, performance, and evaluation. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it is possible to reach a conceptual conclusion about the components of the dynamic empowerment program for managers. Medicine achieved.

Background and purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify and classify factors affecting the selection of Tehran, Azad Islamic University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The population of the study, all students (3723) of Islamic Azad University in the academic year of (2019-2020) were to be available, the sample size of 1985 was stratified sampling-selected. To collect data, a 23-item researcher-made questionnaire was used and the Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient for the underlying factors of the instrument was 95. 05. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, in addition to the expert opinion, confirmative factor analysis was used. Results: To identify the factors affecting the choice of the university through the background of research and theoretical foundations in universities and higher education institutions, 9 factors include; (International relations, social dimensions, facilities and equipment, university reputation, labor market relations, individual dimensions, university quality, student-cultural and economic) were identified. Conclusion: The results showed: 1-The research model was fitted with nine factors using confirmatory factor analysis. 2. All indicators are significantly associated with their underlying factor and the measurement model is desirable when evaluating minor indicators. 3-To rank the factors influencing the choice of university, the Friedman test was used, the results of which indicate that; International relations, social dimensions, facilities and equipment and the reputation of the university have a higher priority than other factors in the selection of students. Chi-square statistics also show that there is a significant difference in rank averages at the 0. 05 level.