Sport Physiology and Management Investigations
Year:2017 | Volume:8 | Issue:4|Papers Count:10

This study aimed at identifying and prioritizing the most important criteria to select clubs for sponsorship, sponsorship communication tools and audience of sponsors. The sequential exploratory mixed method (qualitative and then quantitative) was used. 16 marketing managers of sponsors present in pro-league clubs were interviewed. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to prioritize the factors. Interview analyses showed 7 important criteria to select clubs for sponsorship. Sponsorship communication tools and sponsorship target audiences were in 7 categories. AHP results showed that “media coverage” (0.260) and “managers’ personal relationship” (0.216) were the most important criteria to select clubs for sponsorship. “Using media coverage advantages” (0.243) and “exposure to attendees” (0.207) were the most important communication tools of sponsorship. “General public” (0.217) and “product market (existing customers and potential customers)” (0.202) were the most important target audience of sponsors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three methods of plyometric training on explosive strength of hands and legs of adolescent male volleyball players. This semi-experimental study was conducted as a field with three groups. The population consisted of all adolescent volleyball players of Hidaj and Khorramdareh cities (mean age 16.14±1.02 yr, height 177.36±5.92 cm, weight 67.91±8.148 kg, BMI 21.55±2.08 kg/m2, VO2max 54.36±4.92 ml/kg/min). Statistical sample consisted of 36 adolescent volleyball players who were divided randomly into three groups (each group 12 subjects) (lower limb, upper limb and combined). At first, a pretest of dependent variables was administered for the three groups. Then, all three groups participated in a plyometric training program for 8 weeks and 2 sessions per week and finally posttests were conducted. Data were analyzed using SPSS20 and analysis of variance with repeated measures at a significance level of P£0.05. The findings showed that the main effect and the interaction were significant in all three variables (block jump, spike jump and medicine ball throw) (P£0.05). There was a significant different only in medicine ball throw among the groups (P=0.036). Bonferroni post hoc test results showed a significant difference between upper and lower limb in favor of upper limb group (P=0.043). Finally, the results showed that according to the good progress of combined group in the three variables and a concurrent need of volleyball for explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, combined training method was suitable.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between personality dimensions and job burnout among physical education teachers in Sanandaj city. The statistical population included 180 male and female physical education teachers in Sanandaj city and all of them were selected as the sample. The study was of correlation type conducted as a field. To collect the data, 2 valid and reliable questionnaires (Maslach’s Burnout Questionnaires (a=0.81) and Goldberg’s Personality Dimension Questionnaires (a=0.85) together with a personality trait questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and tables) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient, independent samples t test and regression analysis) were used. The findings showed a significant negative relationship between extraversion, openness to experience, consciousness and agreeableness and job burnout factors (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment). There was a significant positive relationship between neuroticism and job burnout factors (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal success). There was no significant difference between male and female teachers in terms of the variables of this study. Among the five dimensions of personality, agreeableness and extraversion were able to predict job burnout. Overall, it was observed that different personality dimensions affected job burnout of teachers. Thus, personality traits of teachers can be assessed prior to their employment to predict their future job burnout. It is thus suggested that officials and managers should pay special attention to the effective factors such as personality to achieve more efficiency in Education Organization. Education and training should be elevated to enhance these effective factors and to reduce the problem of job burnout.

Aging and menopause lead to various chronic diseases in women. Regular physical exercise improves metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory markers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of circuit resistance training on the oxidative low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), high sensitive C reactive protein (CRP), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in sedentary postmenopausal women.29 sedentary postmenopausal women (age=55.83±4.33 years) were selected randomly from volunteers. Subjects were divided into two groups: a group with 15 patients (BMI=31.81±4.90 kg/m2) and a control group with 14 patients (BMI=30.22±3.78 kg/m2). The training program included an eight-week circuit resistance training conducted 3 sessions a week (60-90 minutes per session) with an intensity of %60-%75 of the maximum 1RM. For data analysis, the independent and dependent t tests were used. Significance level was set at P<0.05. Data were analyzed by SPSS20 software. After 8 weeks, fasting glucose (P=0.035), insulin resistance index (P=0.05), hs-CRP (P=0.042), total cholesterol (P=0.035), triglycerides (P=0.040), LDL-C (P=0.01) and uric acid (P=0.012) significantly decreased in the resistance training group. Also, there was a significant difference between hs-CRP and LDL-C in both groups. According to the results, it seems that circuit resistance training can reduce the causes of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders and immune function in postmenopausal women.

The present research proceeded through an examination of the relationship between social influence of managers and occupational empowerment of the personnel of Sport and Youth departments of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The research method was correlation-descriptive and the population included all the personnel of Sport and Youth departments of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province (N=141). The sample size was determined by Krejcie and Morgan Table (1970) (n=104, 18 women and 86 men). The stratified random sampling method was used for research population. Two questionnaires of social influence and occupational empowerment derived from Influence Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) by Yukl and Hilton (2002) and Spritzer (1995) were provided. The data were analyzed by regression coefficient, the correlation coefficient, and multivariate analysis of variance with SPSS16 software. The results revealed that a positive and significant correlation between social influence of managers and occupational empowerment of the staff. Persuasion, exchange, inspirational appeals, legitimating tactics, apprising, pressure, ingratiation, consultation, and personal appeals could predict the components of meaningfulness, competence, independence and autonomy, and effectiveness from the occupational empowerment.

This study was designed to compare morning and evening exercises on a change in levels of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol, and total protein in middle-aged men. For this purpose, 12 middle-aged men (age: 53.42±6.87 years; BMI: 25.21±2.88 kg/m2) participated in this study. They had an endurance training session for 45 minutes with 65% of maximum heart rate in the morning (7 - 8 am) and evening (5 - 6 pm) with a 2-day interval. Salivary immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and total protein levels were measured in the morning and evening (before and after the exercise) by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results showed that morning exercise significantly decreased salivary cortisol concentration levels (P=0.03). No significant changes were observed in other measures. In conclusion, morning exercises reduces salivary cortisol levels in middle-aged men.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of emotional intelligence and mood with self-efficiency and performance in handball players of Iran league 1. The statistical population consisted of all handball players (n=115) (9 teams) who participated in matches of league 1 in Golestan province (March 2010).95 athletes (M=21.46, SD=2.31) were randomly selected as the sample. Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) of Cyberia Shrink that consisted of 5 subscales (self-awareness, self management, self-motivation, empathy, social skills) on a 5-point Likert Scale anchored by “not at all” (0) to “extremely” (4) was used to evaluate emotional intelligence and mood of athletes. Brunel Mood Scale with 6 subscales (anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor) was applied to measure game vigor. Also, Feltz Self-Efficiency Questionnaire was used to evaluate athletes’ ability to achieve the mentioned aims. K-S test showed that the data distribution was normal (P˃0.05). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA test) and post hoc tests were conducted to determine those subscales influencing self-efficiency and performance of handball players as well as Pearson correlation coefficient (P£0.05). The findings showed a significant relationship of mood with self-efficiency (F=5.29, P<0.000) and performance (F=3.46, P<0.00) in high-ranking, medium and low-ranking teams. Although there was no significant relationship between self-awareness (sig=0.23) and empathy (sig=0.16) with performance, the relationship between emotional intelligence and performance (F=6.28, P<0.03) was significant.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the health-related physical fitness of 11-14-yearold male students in Maku city, to make physical fitness norms and to compare them with the provincial and national norms.528 male students (age: 11-14 years old) from Maku city were randomly selected. Then, muscle endurance (pull-up and sit up), flexibility (sit and reach), explosive power (vertical jump) and cardiorespiratory endurance (20-meter shuttle run) tests were conducted. Descriptive statistics, area below normal curve, Z standard score and t test were used to make the norms and analyze the data. The Maku boys had significantly lower scores in explosive power than the provincial and national means. The endurance of their abdomen muscles was higher compared with the provincial means, but significantly lower than the national means. Their flexibility was higher than the provincial mean, while it was lower than the national mean. Their cardiorespiratory endurance was lower than the provincial mean, while it was higher than the national mean. Furthermore, the endurance of their shoulder girdle muscles was similar to the provincial mean, and it was significantly higher than the national mean. The physical fitness level of students in Maku city was higher than the mean of provincial and country norms in some factors while their explosive power was not favorable.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the sporting services quality provided by Mashhad Municipality and the satisfaction of female citizens based on SERVQUAL model. The statistical population included all women older than 18 years old going to sport facilities of Mashhad municipality (N=9236 based on the statistics of the management of sport for all in Mashhad municipality). Using Cochran's sample size formula, 417 subjects were randomly selected. For data collection, Liu Yi China's Service Quality and Satisfaction Questionnaire (2008) was used which was designed on the basis of SERVQUAL model of Parasvrman et al. (1988). The face and content validity of the questionnaire was determined by the corrective comments of sport management professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained 0.94 by g Cronbach's alpha test. The research methodology was a survey carried out as a field study. For data analysis, statistical tests of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS software were used. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between sporting services quality and its different aspects and women’s satisfaction. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that features of tangibility, reliability, responsibility and service assurance could predict satisfaction.

Physical activity has been recommended as one of the important factors preventing many diseases. But, various factors can affect the level of physical activity. Findings of some studies indicate a relationship between psychic characteristics and physical activity. But no study was found on the relationship between temperaments and physical activity which is evaluated in the present study. In this correlation –descriptive study, 109 students were selected by stratified random sampling method as the sample. A standard temperament questionnaire (Mojahedi et al., 2014) was used to identify temperaments and physical activity was assessed by Beck questionnaire which evaluated physical activity in three parts of sport, job and recreational activities. Statistical test of multivariate regression was used to examine score correlation. Significance level was set at P£0.05. Findings showed that hotness and coldness temperaments indicated a direct and significant relationship with sport participation (P=0.019, t=2.375, b=0.231). But hotness and coldness were not related to recreational and job activities (recreational index: P=0.217, job index: P=0.868). Wetness and dryness temperaments were not significantly related to any aspects of physical activity (job index: P=0.886, sport index: P=0.936, recreational index: P=0.345). Probably, hotness temperament can be an effective factor to enhance sport participation. However, future studies are required for more clarification.