Sport Physiology and Management Investigations
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:3 |Papers Count:12

Resistance training is known as the most effective method to increase muscle mass.Myostatin is one of the factors involved in the control of muscle mass. The aim of this study was to compare myostatin response to two types of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction after one session of training in immature male athletes. For this purpose, 36 male gymnasts aged between 10 and 14 participated in a quasi-experimental study. The subjects (mean weight 37.11±8.11 kg, height 145.11±16.58 cm, body mass index 17.40±1.77 kg/m2) were randomly divided into 3 equal groups ( each group 12 subjects): control (30% 1RM), high intensity resistance training (75% 1RM), and resistance training with blood flow restriction (30% 1RM). Training protocol included three motions: leg extension, elbow flexion and bench press. Blood samples were collected before and after training. Dependent t test was used to check intragroup results and one-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test was used to evaluate intragroup results. The intragroup results showed a significant decrease in myostatin in blood flow restriction group (P=0.028), but this decrease was not significant in both high intensity resistance (P=0.257) and control (P=0.553) groups. However, the intergroup results showed no differences between the training groups (P=0.683). Low resistance training with blood flow restriction and high intensity resistance training had a similar effect on the suppression of serum myostatin expression in male athletes. Therefore, as this type of training has hypertrophic adaption resulting from myostatin inhibition and improves muscle function following this inhibition, it seems appropriate like high intensity resistance training.

The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze revenue generating methods of Iran premier league football clubs and the world top football clubs. The method was qualitative and the needed data were obtained from the library studies and interviews with experts. The statistical population consisted of all people who worked in sport marketing in Football Federation, football premier league clubs and Iran universities. Sampling was theoretically conducted and interviews continued until saturation. Totally, 43 methods were identified for revenue generating in football clubs and were categorized to 3 main parts: media broadcasting revenue, commercial revenue and match day revenue. The investigations showed that the amount and variety of revenue generating in Iran football premier league football clubs were so much restricted than top football clubs in the world.

Cerebral ischemia is associated with extensive metabolic disorders in the nerve cells especially the hippocampal neurons. Evidence suggests that exercise has neuroprotective effects and can protect the brain from ischemic injury. This study aimed at investigating the effect of pre-ischemic exercise on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity in hippocampus.21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham, exercise+ischemia and ischemia. The rats in exercise group were trained to run on a treadmill 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Brain ischemia was induced by an occlusion of common carotid arteries for 20 minutes. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD, GPX, and CAT) were measured using special kits. The results showed that exercise significantly decreased MDA concentration and significantly increased antioxidant enzymes activity in the hippocampus. Generally, exercise can have protective effects against brain ischemia-induced injuries and disorders by an increase in the antioxidant enzymes activity.

The aim of this study was to recognize administrative and financial obstacles to private investment in sport in East Azerbaijan province from the viewpoints of owners of private gyms and clubs. Research method was descriptive-survey conducted by a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability of 0.91%. The population consisted of the founders of private sport clubs of East Azerbaijan province (N=310), and according to Morgan table, 172 subjects were randomly selected as the sample. To examine the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and Friedman analysis of variance were used (a=0.05). The results revealed a significant and negative relationship between banking barriers and private investment in sport in the province. Also, there was a significant difference among various barriers in loan payment in the banks from the viewpoints of capital owners. There was no significant relationship between barriers to primary work permits and the type of collaboration and confrontation of offices and organizations and investment of sport in the province but there was a significant difference among various factors from the viewpoints of capital owners. Therefore, the private investment in sport in East Azerbaijan province can increase by a decrease in the mentioned barriers so that the private sector can play in role in expanding sport for all and welfare in the society.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of resistance training on apelin and inflammatory markers (Interleulin-6 and C-reactive protein) in sedentary obese men. In this quasi-experimental study, 20 men aged between 48 and 60 (BMI³30 kg/m2) were randomly selected and divided into control (n=10), and resistance training (n=10) groups. The training program consisted of 12 weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions a week, 3 sets with 10 to 12 repetitions per session with the intensity of 50-75% of one repetition maximum and 60-90 seconds of rest. The training included bench press, axillary rowing, behind the neck barbell shoulder press, leg press, front leg extension and behind leg curl. Before and 48 hours after 12 weeks of resistance training, blood samples were collected to measure apelin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Creactive protein (CRP) and insulin resistance index. Paired sample t test and independent t test were used for data analysis (P<0.05) using SPSS20 software. Results revealed that 12 weeks of resistance training significantly reduced IL-6 (P=0.036), CRP (P=0.011), weight (P=0.029), body mass index (P=0.021) and fat percent (P=0.005). Apelin levels (P=0.06) and insulin resistance index (P=0.089) decreased in the experimental group but it was not statistically significant. Generally, 12 weeks of resistance training, despite significant decreases in inflammatory markers, did not significantly decrease apelin levels. It seems that the observed changes in inflammatory markers were due to reduced body fat mass and anti-inflammatory nature of resistance training.

Given the development of sport and sport activities among human beings, it is crucial to investigate their effects on behavior and moral orientations of the athletes. The present study aimed at investigating and comparing sportsmanship dimensions in athletes of individual and team sports with regard to their academic levels and age variety. The present study was applied and descriptive-field. The statistical population consisted of national team athletes (youth, adults and students) of individual and team sports. The sample consisted of 78 team athletes and 84 individual athletes. Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientations Scale (MSOS) measured the tendency of these athletes towards sportsmanship. As Kruskal-Wallis test did not confirm the parametric condition, U Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation coefficient were used in the descriptive statistics. The results of U Mann-Whitney test showed that athletes involved in individual sports had higher levels of sportsmanship than those involved in team sports. Furthermore, there was no significant differences in tendency towards sportsmanship between physical education and non-physical education athletes. The athletes aged between 18 and 20 had higher sportsmanship level than those aged between 15 and 17, 21 and 23, 24 and 27. According to these results, it is suggested that more attention should be paid to moral concepts in sport in physical education courses and especially educators and trainers should focus more on moral concepts and issues in sport in practical courses.

Some studies suggest that saliva could be a good alternative of blood in sport medicine researches. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and aerobic exhaustive exercise on blood and salivary indexes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in sedentary men.27 healthy men (18-21 years old) were randomly allocated to 2 groups: training (n=15, 3 training sessions per week, for 8 weeks, running at 50-70% of Heart Rate Reserve) and control (n=12). After the training course, the subjects performed aerobic exhaustive exercise. Blood and salivary samples were collected before and after the training and also after the exhaustive exercise to measure SOD, CAT and GPx levels. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, Bonferroni post hoc test and Pearson correlation at P<0.05. Salivary SOD and blood SOD, CAT and GPx in the training group significantly increased following the training period (P˂0.05). Salivary and blood SOD activity significantly increased after the exhaustive exercise in both control and training groups (P˂0.05). Aerobic training and exhaustive exercise had no significant effects on salivary CAT and GPx levels (P>0.05). Generally, aerobic training could promote enzyme antioxidants in blood samples and salivary SOD. Also, salivary and blood SOD increases in response to exhaustive exercise. Therefore, more research is needed in order to use saliva as a non-invasive method in exercise and sport studies.

As Kish Island is the most important location for water sports, the current study aimed at predicting the behavior of customers of water sport clubs in this island. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed. The validity of the questionnaires was approved by 8 experts and university professors and its reliability was achieved in a pilot study by 30 subjects of statistical population using Cronbach alpha test. The statistical population consisted of the customers of all water sport clubs in Kish Island (The exact number of statistical population was not determined).395 questionnaires were distributed among customers and 350 ones were filled out and returned. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic situation of the respondents and Pearson, Spearman correlation coefficients and multiple regression and variance analysis tests were used in inferential statistics. MS-Excel and SPSS Ver.18 were used as well. The results revealed that different variables of services quality consisted of concrete quality, trustfulness, being respondent, confidence and empathy. All the variables predicted customers’ behavior except for trustfulness (P=0.363). In other words, all the variables of service quality affected loyalty of water sport club customers in Kish Island except for trustfulness variable.

Aerobic exercise is considered as a factor affecting inflammatory indices and lipid profile. The present study examined the effect of aerobic exercises on IL-6 and TNF-a proteins and lipid profile in male Rats.18 healthy adult male rats were selected and divided into two groups: control (n=8) and subject (n=10). Aerobic exercise protocol was carried out for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 27-32 minutes per session with the intensity of 60-80% of VO2max (speed 8-25 m/min) on the treadmill in a zero gradient. At the end of the 8th week, blood and tissue sampling was performed. IL-6 protein (P=0.01) decreased significantly in trained rats compared with control group while there was no significant difference in TNF-a protein (P=0.42). On the other hand, serum total cholesterol (P=0.004) decreased followed by the aerobic exercise. However, changes in the other indices of lipid profile were not significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that aerobic exercise may reduce inflammatory response and improve some indices of lipid profile.

The aim of this study was to investigate consumption and awareness of side effects of doping drugs and weight loss drugs in non-professional athletes in Tehran fitness clubs. The research method was descriptive and data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. Its validity was approved by 14 sport management experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test (a=0.79). The statistical population included male and female non-professional athletes in Tehran fitness clubs and 793 subjects were considered as the sample. The results indicated that 42.5% of the men consumed steroids at least once. Men consumed anabolic steroids, hormones, stimulants, and narcotic drugs more than women while women consumed fat burning drugs and slimming pills more than men. 38.3% of women consumed fat burning drugs at least once. Also, awareness of the side effects of stimulants, hormones, fat burning drugs and slimming pills was low. But awareness of the side effects of steroids and narcotic drugs was high.

The purpose of present study was the effect of a endurance training period with cellular Anti-aging purpose on telomerase enzyme content in cardiac tissue and peripheral blood lymphocytes in male rats. For this purpose, rats provided from Pasteur institude of Iran were randomly divided in two group, control (n=8) and exercised groupe (n=8). Two week use for environmental adaptation and biological rhythm (first week) and treadmill familiarity (second week). Then the major protocol of this study began after first two week that include a session endurance exercise per day, five day/week. The intensity of exercise was moderate that exercise group do it for 16 weeks while control group was sedentary in this period. Durig first eight weeks the speed of running on treadmill increased from 15 m/min to 25 m/min and time from 15 min to 25 min progressively but this intensity of exercise fixed during second eight week. One day after end of protocol in fasing situation samoles were collected. The results showed the moderate indurance training significant increased in telomerase content in cardiac tissue (p=0.004) and peripheral blood lymplocytes (p=0.004). In summary, the results suggested that the moderate (60-65 % vo2max) and regular physical activity indused activation in telomerase and telomere length stability and exercise and physical activity by telomerase activation in body tissue could increased cellular viability and genomic stability and finally have anti-aging effect.

Sport facilities and equipment are important tools for a safer organization of sporting activities in universities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficiency of sport facilities and equipment in universities of Yazd province from students’ viewpoints. The research method was descriptive-survey that was conducted as a field. The statistical population included students of state and Payame Noor universities of Yazd province in 2012-2013. According to Morgan table, 1100 students were randomly selected as the statistical sample. The data were collected by KhawjaLandi (2011) questionnaire (35 items) which evaluated the constructive elements of sport facilities, lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation systems, sport equipment and instruments. Content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed after the professional review and viewpoints of 14 sport management professors and the required modifications. The Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire (a=0.89). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, MANOVA and chi-square were used for data analysis at P<0.05. Results showed that from of the students’ viewpoints, the general condition of safety and efficiency of the structural elements was 69% inappropriate, non-structural elements 54% inappropriate, general condition of sport equipment and instruments 71% inappropriate and the general hygienic condition of sport facilities was 74% inappropriate. The inappropriateness of the variables under study was statistically significant (P<0.05). Sport facilities of universities of Yazd province require that the authorities should have a professional insight and safety knowledge management to standardize and secure sport facilities in universities in order to ensure the safety of their users.