Sport Physiology and Management Investigations
Year:2019 | Volume:11 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:12

The aim of this study was to identify the constituent elements of the Iran sport federations system and to examine their relationships. Systematic approach was considered for systematic examination of the constituent elements. By reviewing the theoretical literature and interviews with knowledgeable elites, the constituent elements of sport federations system including inputs (financial resources, sport facilities, human forces and leadership and management), processes (preparation and development of coaches, promotion and media, national and international competitions and camps, scientific and research development, sport participation, talent identification, elite athletes development and support), outputs (growth and generalization of sport, success and medaling), and outcome (development) were identified. The assessment of the relationship between each of these variables can be considered as a decision-making. Therefore, DEMATEL test could be used to extract causal relationships of variables. In this paper, 12 sport management experts examined the relationship of these variables. The results showed that national and international competitions was the most influential element and developing elite athletes was the most affected element. In addition, element of developing elite athletes had maximum intensity (total of affecting and affected). The element of scientific and research development was a strong penetrator and talent identification was a strong penetrated element. Finally, this study can help sport managers to systematically understand sport federations and their causal relationships.

Myocardial infarction is a disease that not only influences cardiovascular system, but also influences other body systems including skeletal muscles. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine two type of interval training with low and high intensity on gene expression of MyoD and Pax7. 24 Wistar rats (age: 10 weeks) were selected and underwent a coronary artery blocking surgery. Eventually, they were randomly divided into 4 groups: low intensity training (LIT) (n=6), high intensity training (HIT) (n=6), sham (n=6) and control (con) (n=6). 4 weeks after operation, subjects trained for 6 weeks, 3 session per week. After 6th week, subjects were anesthetized and killed and their soleus muscle were separated for further analysis. Data from RT-PCR technique were quantified by Δ Δ Ct formula and analyzed by one-way ANOVA test after Shapiro-Wilk and Leven tests. The results showed no significant differences in the effect of training intensities on MyoD and Pax7 among groups. However, it has shown that training has positive effects of cardiovascular system and muscular disorders resulted from MI, further studies with more control of other effective factors are required for a definite comment on the effects of different types of training on markers such as MyoD and Pax7 which are highly associated with treating muscle atrophy.

This study was conducted with the aim of explanatory model of the effect of perception of political climate on work outcomes and the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the Ministry of Sport and Youth of I. R. Iran. This study was applied in terms of aims and descriptive correlation in terms of methodology. Data were collected by a field method and distributing a questionnaire among statistical sample. The statistical population consisted of 466 employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth of the Islamic Republic of Iran and 210 subjects were selected as the sample by Cochran's formula. The hypotheses were tested and the findings showed that the validation of the model of the effect of perception of political climate on work outcomes and the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the employees of the Ministry of Sport and Youth of Iran was desirable and the type of relationships among variables indicated the effectiveness of this model so that there was a significant relationship between perception of the political climate on work outcomes, the mediating role of perceived organizational support and the moderating role of political skills.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Quercetin supplement during sedentary period on the signaling pathway of the PGC-1α . Researchers are trying to find out whether Quercetin supplement consumption can be beneficial to preventing atrophy during sedentary period. In this study, 30 male rats (age=2 months old, weight=295± 11. 80 g, Sprague-Dawley) were selected. They were assigned to 2 groups: control (n=6) and training (n=24). Interval training with the intensity of 16 m started in the first week and reached the speed of 30 m/min. in the eighth week. Then, the rats of the control group and 6 rats of the training group were killed. Then, the rest of training group (n=18) were randomly divided into 3 groups: detraining, sedentation and sedentation-Quercetin supplement. Sedentary groups became inactive for 14 days and Quercetin supplement group was fed with Quercetin (400 mg/day) during this period. After these 14 days, they were killed and the amount of the PGC-1α gene expression of their soleus muscle was measured. The mean weight of the rats was higher than the control and the other two groups (detraining and sedentation) (P=0. 001). On the other hand, after 14 days, the sedentation-Quercetin group had the highest whereas the sedentation group had the lowest amount of PGC-1α gene expression (P=0. 004). The results of the changes showed that the minimum reduction in the muscle weight and gene expression of the PGC1α during sedentary period can be expected by consuming Quercetin supplement.

Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) has a key role in keeping copy numbers and transcription activity of mtDNA. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on mitochondrial biogenesis factors in hippocampus of male rats. In the present study, 20 Wistar rats were assigned to HIIT and control groups. Training protocol was performed 60 min. each session for four sessions a week. Training group carried out 15 × 4 min. bouts of training with 85-90% of VO2max with 3 min. recovery with 70% of VO2max (between HIIT bouts). Then, blood samples and tissue samples of hippocampus were collected. PGC1α and Tfam and their gene translations were evaluated by commercial kits and Real-Time PCR method respectively. Results illustrated that VO2max and serum levels of PGC1α and Tfam significantly increased (P<0. 05). Also, the amounts of PGC1α and Tfam gene expressions in hippocampus significantly increased in training group compared with the control group (P<0. 05). It seems that the present three-week HIIT protocol on the treadmill can significantly increase both hippocampus and serum levels of PGC1α and Tfam in male rats. Likewise, there is a likelihood that significant increase of Tfam is due to significant and increasing changes of PGC1α .

The study examined the relationship of applying principles of human relations by professors and instructors with sport achievement motivation of physical education students. The study population included all male and female students of physical education and sport sciences of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University (N=252) and 160 subjects randomly completed Gohari (2011) human relations principles questionnaire and Gill and Dieter (1988) sports achievement motivation questionnaire. Independent t test and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the groups and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship of variables at P≤ 0. 05. The results showed that although mean scores of applying principles of human relations and sport achievement motivation were above average, there was not a significant relationship between applying the principles of human relations and sport achievement motivation and its subscales. There was a significant relationship between athletic experience of students and applying the principles of human relations and sport achievement motivation (P<0. 05). Also, there was a significant difference in mean scores of victory and goal orientation dimensions of sport achievement motivation between male and female students (P<0. 05). Students' viewpoints on applying the principles of human relations were different based on their entrance year. It seems that sport achievement motivation in physical education students is associated with factors other than applying the principles of human relations by their professors. But given the importance attached to applying the principles of human relations, the observance of these principles by professors has always been emphasized and it will surely affect the development of other life and educational dimensions of students.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on serum levels of myostatin, follistatin and insulin resistance in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. For this purpose, 20 elderly men with type 2 diabetes (age: 72. 45 ± 4. 97, weight: 79. 70 ± 12. 57, BMI: 27. 91 ± 4. 07) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: resistance training (n = 10) and control (n = 10). The resistance training group performed 8 movements in 3 sets with 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Blood samples were collected at baseline and 48 hours following the last training session. The paired t test and ANCOVA were used to analyze data in the significance level of 0. 05. The results of intra-group data analysis showed that 8 weeks of resistance training significantly increased lower and upper extremity strength (P=0. 001) and serum levels of follistatin (P=0. 008), and significantly decreased serum levels of myostatin (P=0. 03), insulin, glucose and insulin resistance index (P=0. 001) in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. Also, intergroup changes showed that resistance training group showed a significant increase in lower and upper extremity strength (P=0. 001) and serum levels of follistatin (P=0. 01) and a significant decrease in serum levels of myostatin (P=0. 01), insulin, glucose and insulin resistance index (P=0. 001). Resistance training program with follistatin upregulation and myostatin downregulation influences the improvement of the metabolism of glucose degraded by insulin resistance in the elderly with type 2 diabetes which also affects muscle strength.

The aim of the study was to develop a strategic and operational plan for the Ski Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This study was applied in terms of aims and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods for data collection and analysis. The sample equaled the population by census sampling method (N=n=142). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 sport management professors and ski experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α =0. 815). Formulated strategies included utilizing expert, experienced and up-to-date forces in federation administration, competitions, coaching and refereeing classes and coaching national teams, benefiting from private sector involvement and attracting sponsors to support public, championship and professional approach in skiing, using the talent identification process in provinces which have a noticeable reputation in ski with a focus on landscaping, planning and striving to host world and Asian events and qualifying events in different age groups with the participation of representatives of the World Federation, utilizing research and training to improve and promote the awareness and knowledge of the target community and to promote and develop skiing, formulating rules and guidelines to develop and utilize ski slopes and to support champions, coaches, referees, veterans and professional authorities of this sport, utilizing international communications and internal capacity to acquire global seats and to facilitate and benefit from ski equipment supplies, utilizing the quality management of the processes in planning and carrying out activities of the Ski Federation based on the resistive economy approach.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training on predictive markers of cardiovascular diseases in overweight men. The statistical population included all overweight and obese students (age range: 20-25 years) who had participated in no regular exercise program six months before the study and only participated in daily activities. 30 subjects (23. 6 ± 3. 03 years of age, height 174. 80 ± 6. 75 cm, weight 92. 35 ± 9. 14 kg, BMI 31. 6 kg/m2 and %BF 29) were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of high intensity interval training. The training program consisted of 20 min. of training (10 intervals, each 1 min. at 85-90% maximal heart rate separated with 1-min. of recovery at 50-55% maximal heart rate). Anthropometric and biochemical analyses was performed 48 hours before and after the last training session. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used for data analysis. The results indicated that 8 weeks of low volume high intensity interval training reduced plasma levels of homocysteine, CRP, LDL and BMI (P<0. 05). Additionally, low volume high intensity interval training increased plasma HDL (P=0. 001). It seems that low volume high intensity interval training is beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in overweight boys through weight loss.

The aim of the current study was to investigate satisfaction and the perceived service quality and intent to return in sport tourists of a sport event. This study was descriptive correlation conducted as a field. The statistical sample consisted of 350 tourists who attended the national competitions of a traditional wrestling in Esfarayen city. Shonk (2006) questionnaire was used to collect data. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire and Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient was applied to determine the reliability of different sections of the questionnaire. Kolmogorov – Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data distribution. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship among variables and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to provide the model and explain the relationship between dependent and independent variables using LISREL software. The results showed that contest quality, access quality and place quality respectively had the highest effect on satisfaction and intent to return in sport event tourists. Presenting sport tourism service quality model can offer guidelines for managers who intend to benefit most from sport tourism events.

One of the consequences of the training is muscle soreness. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of purslane extract and Ibuprofen on changes in creatine kinase enzyme and delayed onset muscle soreness after one session of intensive resistance training in male athletes. 30 healthy and active men (age 23. 86± 2. 5 yr, height 177. 8± 30. 9 cm, weight 73. 8 ± 0. 39 kg) volunteered to take part in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups (n=10): purslane, placebo and Ibuprofen by double – blinded design. The purslane group received purslane extract orally as much as 1200 mg 3 times a day while placebo and Ibuprofen groups respectively received the same amount of lactose and Ibuprofen 24 hours before the training to 72 hours after the training. DOMS was created using a modified training program. CK levels and soreness were measured four times: 24 hours before, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the training respectively by ELISA reading device and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures and SPSS19. Serum CK concentration in the purslane group significantly decreased 48 and 72 hours after the training but it significantly increased in Ibuprofen group 72 hours after the training (P≤ 0. 05). The purslane group significantly had less pain 72 hours after the training, but Ibuprofen group had the highest pain (P≤ 0. 05). A significant difference was observed among the three groups in the concentration of serum CK 24 hours after the training and the perceived pain 48 and 72 hours after the training (P≤ 0. 05). These findings showed that compared with Ibuprofen, purslane plant extract considerably influenced prevention and relief of delayed onset muscle soreness in male athletes.

In this study, Kim and Long (2007) Organizational Justice Questionnaire was validated in sport federations. The statistical population consisted of 703 experts from Iran sport federations and 250 subjects were selected as the final sample of the study. For data analysis, exploratory factor analysis with principal components analysis and Varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL 8. 8 software were used. Factor analysis of the responses collected from the experts showed that organizational justice instrument was saturated from three factors (distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice) with eigenvalues greater than one, and these factors explained in total 78. 98% of total variation of organizational justice scale. Fitness indexes of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed these three factors (RMSEA=0. 071, GFI=0. 95, NFI=0. 96, CFI= 0. 98, χ 2/df=2. 13). Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0. 88) indicated that organizational justice instrument had an acceptable reliability to be used in sport federations and organizations.