Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
Year:2021 | Volume:28 | Issue:4|Papers Count:10

Background & Aims: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major public health problem that is approaching epidemic proportions globally (1). T2DM is associated with severe arteriosclerosis, hypertension and etc. All of which further contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease that the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) involves mitochondrial dysfunction (2). In this regard, Fang-Yuan et al (2018) showed that cardiac dysfunction elong with anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) downregulation, while levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Cas-3) were upregulated in rats with long-term diabetic cardiomyopathy (3). However, a number of evidence suggests that apoptotic processes may be affected by some pharmacological and oral interventions. In this regard, several epidemiological and experimental studies have reported that caffeine may have ability to suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis via regulation some oncogenic signalling pathways, including the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), PI3K/Akt, p53 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways (5, 6). For example, Hanyang Liu et al (2017) have found that caffeine treatment significantly up-regulates mRNA expression levels of PTEN and p53 proteins, increased the activation of caspase-9 and-3, and increased the expression levels of Cyt-c in on human gastric cancer cells (6). On the other hand, Rahimi et al (2018) have reported that ingestion of caffeine reduced in the expression of Bax and increased Bcl-2 serum protein levels immediately after resistance training (8). Whereas, Moradi et al (2019) showed 8-weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) at the intensity of 80-85% of the maximum speed could significantly increase Bcl-2 and decrease Bax on diabetic rats (12). In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 8-weeks of caffeine administration alone and in combination with HIIT intervention on the levels of some proteins in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis i. e. Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 in the myocardium of diabetic rats as a sensitive somatic tissue to cell death. Methods: The present study is a type of animal experiments clinical intervention that was conducted in the form of a two-factor post-test control group designs. Fifty white male Wistar rats (two-month-old with a mean body weight of 225-300 g) were acclimated in a specific laboratory setting and then, at the end of the period (acclimatization), the subjects were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 per group) including: Healthy control (C), Diabetic control (D), Diabetic with trainining (D+T), Diabetic with caffeine (D+CA), Diabetic with training and caffeine (D+T+CA). Type 2 diabetes was induced two weeks after the animals became acclimatization with the method used in a study by Sasidharan et al (2013), so that the studied animals became diabetic after two weeks of high-fat diet (45% fat) and intraperitoneal injections of single dosage of 35 mg. kg-1 body weight of STZ. After one week of the diabetic procedure (14), blood glucose samples were collected and levels more than 300 mg. dl were used as type 2 diabetic animals (12). In addition, hydrated caffeine (saline solution) was intraperitoneal injection in D+CA and D+T+CA groups during a period of 8 weeks, 5 days a week, using insulin syringe (70 mg. kg-1 b. w per day, approximately equivalent to 14 mg of caffeine per 200 grams of rats b. w) (16). Caffeine was administered to rats during their waking hours and early in the activity period between 18-19 pm (60 min before training). The animals in D+T and D+T+Ca groups, for 8 weeks and 5 d wk-1 in the form of high-intensity interval training (6 to 13 bouts of 2-min-1 at a 0 degree slope with intensity of 85-90% of the maximum running speed followed by a 1-min-1 rest between bouts) run on animal treadmill during hours 19-20 pm (15). Finally, all rats were deeply anesthesia with ketamine HCl (90 mg. kg-1) and xylazine (10 mg. kg-1) intraperitoneal injection following the 48-hours after the last training session and after 12-14 hours fasting. We used an immunoblotting assay to measure the levels of the some proteins involved in apoptosis pathways (Bax, Cas-3, Bcl-2), following the Santa Cruz manufacturer’, s instructions (17). Data were analyzed by of one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test in significance level of P≤, 0. 05. Results: The results showed that levels of pro-apoptotic protein level (Bax and Cas-3), in diabetic control (D) was (∆, =94% & ∆, =618%), in diabetic with caffeine (D+CA) was (∆, =106% & ∆, =951%) and in diabetic with training and caffeine (D+T+CA) was (∆, =221% & ∆, =1071%) more than healthy control group (C) respectively (F=60. 37,P=0. 001 & F=2102. 37,P=0. 001). On the one hand, the level of this proteins in the D+T group was about (Bax= ∆, =-81% & Cas-3= ∆, =-423%) lower than that in the D group (P=0. 038). Moreover, the Cas-3 protein expression in D+CA group was about 333% significantly higher than the D group (P=0. 001) (Fig. 1&3). Furthermore, Bcl-2 protein level in D group was significantly lower than healthy C group (∆, =-37%) (P=0. 001). However, the levels of this protein in D+CA and D+T+CA were about (∆, =-64%) and (∆, =-70%) lower than those of the C group, respectively (P=0. 001). Also, Bcl-2 protein in the D+T group was insignificantly lower than (∆, =-20%) the D group (P=0. 32) (Fig. 2). Conclusion: In line with the results of the present study, Fang-Yuan et al (2018) showed induction of diabetes caused significant decrease of Bcl-2 gene expression and an increase in Bax and p53 gene expression in heart tissue of diabetic rats (3). It has been well established that diabetic-mediated apoptotic cell death effect on mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) leading to the irreversible release of intermembrane space proteins (e. g. Bid, Bim, Bad and Bax), thereby activating the caspase cascade (18). However, caffeine administration for two months leads to an significant increased in apoptotic markers by exacerbation of pro-apoptotic proteins expression of Bax and Caspase-3 and reduction in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. These findings were supported by Hanyang Liu et al (2017), indicated that caffeine treatment increased the activation of caspase-9 and-3 (cleaved caspase-9 and-3), and increased the expression levels of Cyt-c and Bax proteins (6). Researchers suggested the caffeine triggered intrinsic apoptotic pathways via,inactivation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR cell survival signaling pathways and activation of cell death such as p21-activated protein kinase 2 (PAK2) and N-terminal and C-Janus kinases (JNK), thereby increased levels of Bax and cleaved caspase 3 and phosphorylating of Bcl-2 protein tha cause initiation of apoptotic events (9-11). In contrast of this paper, Rahimi et al (2020) reported that the caffeine intake decresed Bax protein and significantly increaesd Bcl-2 levels after acute resistance exercise protocol (8). Though, the protective effects of exercise training on apoptosis have been well established. For example, Moradi et al (2019) showed that HIIT training (80-85% maximum speed) could significantly increase Bcl-2 and decrease Bax and p53 in muscle tissue of the diabetic rats (12). Nonetheless, contrary to the results of these studies, some studies also Shirpour Bonab et al (2017) conclusion that the Bax expression was higher in HIIT intervention after 8-weeks in aged female (27). While, the intervention of 8-weeks HIIT alone in the present study reduced the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 proteins and increased the Bcl-2 in myocardial tissue. In other words, HIIT training ameliorates myocardial apoptosis. while, the combination of two independent variables in present study (e. g caffeine with HIIT) even induced deterioration the apoptotic cell death process in the myocardial tissue of diabetic rats. Perhaps the combination of caffeine with strenuous or prolonged exercise training can result increased tissue damage during contractile activity along with an increase in ROS levels, calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and increases in concentrations of inflammatory cytokines production have been shown to modulation apoptotic processes.

Background & Aims: The family can be considered as an emotional unit and a network of intertwined relationships that is built from the marital bond of man and woman. Marital satisfaction is very unstable, especially in the early years, and relationships are most at risk. The results of some studies indicate that the satisfaction of the couple is not easily achieved and as a result, marriage can be seriously endangered within the family system. It can be said that the cause of many psychological disorders and marital incompatibilities is due to sexual dissatisfaction and years of neglect of sexual instinct in humans has left irreparable consequences in social and marital relationships and has destroyed the foundation of families. One of the components that is considered in close relationships, especially marital relationships, is sexual satisfaction, an emotional state that is created by fulfilling a person's personal desires within the scope of his sexual life. Sexual issues are among the first issues of a married life in terms of importance, so that marital satisfaction is significantly associated with sexual pleasure, and with increasing sexual pleasure, marital satisfaction also increases. One of the most common sexual problems among couples is sexual desire disorder (sexual dysfunction). Hyperactivity disorder is a lack of emotional response to desire that is accompanied by a lack of intrinsic sexual motivation and lack of pleasure during sexual intercourse, such as responses from actively avoiding sexual contact to engaging in sexual activity with a partner despite the lack It involves sexual desire and sexual activity is very rare). Research has shown that one of the factors that increase sexual satisfaction is the patterns of attachment and ego defenses that affect couples' experiences of intimacy and sexual satisfaction to understand the couple's sexual problems and block the expression of sexual desire and set up barriers. Intimacy is used. Balbi calls his and others' mental representations patterns of introspection. Introspection patterns are the basis of attachment styles, also known as attachment biases or attachment patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive stimulus (convenience of service) on cognitive and behavioral reactions (economic value, satisfaction and loyalty) with the role of emotional stimulus (pleasure and arousal) of customers of chain stores in the country. Methods: This research is an applied type with a quasi-experimental method of pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all married women in Najafabad in 1398 who referred to Mahour Counseling Center located in Najafabad. A total of 40 women who scored low on the Hoggs & Steele Sex Scale and were diagnosed with sexual reluctance were selected using available sampling method and randomly assigned to groups. Entry and exit criteria are age range 25 to 48 years. Have at least one year of living together. They have reported a history of reluctance or low desire for at least six months and have scored less than 3. 3 on the Female Sexual Performance Index questionnaire under the Sexual Reluctance Scale. Diagnosis of sexual anemia is not of physiological origin. Do not receive any other treatment during the training period. The instruments used in this study are: 1) Collins and Reed Attachment Styles Questionnaire: This self-assessment scale has 18 items that are measured by marking on a five-point Likert scale. Each subscale consists of 6 items and is secure attachment, avoidance attachment and ambivalent attachment. The stability of the retest was estimated to be 0. 7 and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the safe style was 0. 629, for the avoidance style was 0. 542 and for the ambivalent style was 0. 824. 2) Thompson & Walker Marital Intimacy Questionnaire: This questionnaire is a 17-item tool designed to measure marital intimacy. The subject score in this questionnaire is obtained by adding the scores of the questions and dividing it by 17. The range of scores is between 1 and 7, and a higher score is a sign of greater intimacy. This questionnaire was evaluated by a trustee to determine the validity. To determine the content and face validity of this scale, the questionnaire was first reviewed by 15 counseling professors and 15 couples and its face and content validity was confirmed. Also, Khazaei has calculated 0. 82 through simultaneous implementation with Bagarozi questionnaire and estimating their correlation coefficient and has reported the total reliability of 0. 85 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Rosen et al. Female Sexual Performance Index: A measure of female sexual function, which is a suitable tool for measuring sexual function. In Iran, the index of female sexual function was standardized by Mohammadi et al. The reliability of the index was reported for each of the six domains and the whole scale for the control groups and all individuals using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 85. It was also found that the cut-off points for the whole scale and subscales are: total scale 28, desire 3. 3, psychological stimulation 3. 4, satisfaction 3. 8, sexual pain 3. 8. Scores higher than the cut-off point indicate good performance. After performing the pre-test for both groups, ACT-based training based on Goodwin et al. Protocol and group training based on emotion-based therapy based on Johnson protocol were provided to the experimental group members. Did not receive. Results: The results showed that the interventions presented to the experimental groups could have a significant effect on improving the mean of marital intimacy (P <0. 001) and sexual satisfaction (P <0. 001). These interventions also had a significant effect on the mean of secure attachment styles (P <0. 001), avoidance (P <0. 05) and ambivalent (P <0. 001). It was also found that the interventions presented to the experimental groups were significantly different only in improving marital intimacy. Conclusion: As a result, the research findings have supported the importance and prominent role of marketing activities based on cognitive and emotional stimuli in creating cognitive and behavioral reactions of chain store customers. Focusing on cognitive and emotional stimuli can provoke positive cognitive and behavioral reactions. Also, during emotion-oriented training, reconstruct situations that cause inappropriate emotion, such as rejection or avoidance, or stress and confusion. Due to the taboo nature of sex as a whole for some people, many experiences remain unsaid and suppressed, and the accumulation of these experiences causes disruption and dissatisfaction in the relationship. In the trainings, women were taught to reconstruct the conflicts that caused the relationship to be disturbed, and after exploring and spreading the emotions, to reconstruct them so that they can be reached and developed and in a safe environment by expressing real emotions in different life situations. They show newness and this increases and increases their sexual satisfaction.

Background & Aims: The liver is one of the main and major organs of the body, which with the help of various enzymes is of special importance in regulating hormonal activities and metabolism, during rest, training, and returning to the original state of sports activities. Under normal circumstances, the liver and kidneys receive 27% and 22% of circulating blood, respectively, but as a result of heavy training, the blood flow to the liver and kidneys decreases to 5% and 3%, respectively. Prolonged reduction in blood flow to the liver and kidneys may have detrimental consequences, of which fatigue observed as a result of the constant sub-maximal activity is part of it. The liver is also one of the most sensitive tissues targeted by training-induced oxidative stress. Sports science coaches and professionals are working to find ways to reduce the effects of strenuous training and increase the effectiveness of training programs over a limited period. While athletes use a variety of training methods to increase their aerobic and anaerobic fitness, one of the most recent training activity protocols that training physiologists are considering is interval training (HIT, HIIT, MIT). Among cellular changes in the body following training, cAMP is a type of intracellular secondary messenger and is produced in response to various extracellular stimuli such as hormones or neurotransmitters. The cAMP is synthesized from ATP by the enzyme Adenylin Cyclase and degraded to AMP by Phosphodiesterases. The cAMP is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, and performs these functions both in a protein-dependent and protein A-independent manner. cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a purine nucleoside that has broad and important effects on biological processes such as smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmission, secretion of endogenous and exogenous hormones, immune responses, inflammation, cardiac pain, and platelet aggregation. Effective training programs, such as intense intermittent training, seem to not only save time but also increase physiological capabilities such as aerobic capacity and anaerobic capacity, giving sufficient time to improve other essential skills such as related technical and tactical skills. Provided with different sports. Methods: The present study was approved by the ethics committee of Payame Noor University with the code IR. PNU. REC. 1398. 059. In terms of purpose, it is fundamental-applied, which was implemented experimentally. In the present study, 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats with an average weight of 237±, 33 g were purchased from the Pasteur Institute. After being transferred to the animal laboratory environment, these animals are housed in transparent polycarbonate cages in an environment with a temperature of 22±, 1. 4 °, C, the humidity of 45 to 55%, four heads in each cage with free access to water and closed. Foods were maintained according to a 12-hour sleep-wake cycle. Animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: control group (Co) (8 heads), moderate intensity training (MIT) (8 heads), high-intensity training (HIT) (8 heads), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (8 heads) were divided. The MIT protocol was performed in such a way that in the first week, 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of the main body of the exercise, including running at 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min, was added to the training time every week. In the sixth week, the training time reached 37 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. Also, the training speed was unchanged from the first week to the eighth week and was equal to 20 meters per minute. The HIT protocol in the first week included: 5 minutes of warm-up, 5 minutes of cooling, and 20 minutes of running training with 65% VO2max at a speed of 20 m/min and an increasing slope of the treadmill. The training time was increased every week, so that in the sixth week the training time reached 30 minutes and remained constant until the end of the eighth. On the other hand, the slope of the strip was 2% in the first and second weeks and 2% was added to the slope every 2 weeks to reach 8% in the seventh and eighth weeks. Also, the training speed from the first week to the eighth week was 20 meters per minute and was kept constant. The HIIT protocol also included 10 minutes of warm-up before the workout, in the first to fourth weeks including 3 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max and a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs. With 50 to 60% VO2 max and at a speed of 20 meters per minute in 3 minutes. From the fifth to the eighth week, it also includes 4 intense intermittent runs with an intensity of 90 to 100% VO2max at a speed of 30 meters per minute in 4 minutes and 3 low-intensity intermittent runs with 50 to 60% VO2 max at a speed of 20 meters per minute. It took 3 minutes. The main body time of the exercise was 28 minutes per repetition. Mice in the control group did not participate in any exercise program but were placed on a stationary treadmill for 10 to 15 minutes per session to adapt to the environment to create the same conditions. After in vitro analysis of the samples, descriptive statistics including standard mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics were used to quantitatively describe the data. First, the Shapirovilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution, and the Leven test was used to determine the homogeneity of variance. Due to the normal distribution of data, parametric tests including one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of p≥, 0. 05. Results: The results of one-way analysis of variance showed that there was a statistically significant difference in cAMP gene expression in the liver tissue of rats in the study groups (p<0. 001). The results of the Tukey post hoc test also showed that there was a significant decrease in cAMP gene expression as a result of training compared to the control group (p=0. 001), so that in the HIIT group there was a significant decrease in the control group compared to the control group. There was cAMP expression (p=0. 001), so that in the HIIT group it decreased by 0. 0006 units compared to the control group and in the MIT group by 0. 00059 units compared to the control group and in the HIT group by Decreased by 0. 00053 units. However, the findings showed that there was no significant difference between the three groups of HIT, MIT, and HIIT (p>0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of our study, it was found that there is no significant difference in the expression of cAMP gene in the liver tissue of male Wistar rats between MIT and HIT groups compared to HIIT group. While there was a significant difference between HIIT and control groups, no significant difference was observed between HIT and MIT groups. Examination of post hoc test in training groups showed that there was a significant difference in cAMP gene expression between MIT and HIT training groups compared to the control group. Due to age, apoptosis and necrosis increase and training is the best way to reduce apoptosis in old age. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of control over the calorie intake of rats and the lack of control over physical activity outside the animal research program. However, the research background on the effect of the present training protocols on cAMP in liver tissue is very limited and needs further investigation.

Background & Aims: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic and progressive, chronic metabolic disease in the world and hyperglycemia, is the main characteristic of this disease. Overweight and obesity are effective factors in the development of type 2 diabetes, which are closely related to hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors. In these patients, due to hyperglycemia and inflammation, causing pathological injuries in cardiovascular system such as vascular macro and micro vascular disease, arterial stiffness, hypertension, Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and changes in cardiac function such as tachycardia at rest, and decreased functional capacity such as cardio respiratory endurance. Poor management of diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular factors disease and increases morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The need to use effective methods to glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors as one of the effective factors in Shows the disabilities associated with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the use of effective methods in glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors as one of the effective factors in disabilities associated with type 2 diabetes is essential. Nursing is one of the ways of intervention in the field of communication technologies such as the telephone and messaging software, which as a telenursing, can lead to better communication between type 2 diabetes patients and medical team to get the knowledge and health services. Scientific research has also shown that a sedentary lifestyle is associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, and exercise training has been introduced as one of the main parts of treatment for type 2 diabetes. Due to the fact that no specific research has been done to compare the effect of regular aerobic training and telenursing intervention on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in patients with type 2 diabetes, the present study aimed to compare the effect of telenursing and aerobic training on glycemic control. Blood pressure, body composition, resting heart rate and cardiorespiratory endurance (vo2max) were assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In a semi-experimental study, 60 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected through targeted sampling and randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 20): 1) aerobic training group, 2) telenursing group and 3) control group. After baseline measurements (pretest), intervention study was conducted for eight weeks and 48 hours after the end of treatment variables were measured again (posttest). The exercise program consisted of eight weeks of aerobic training, three sessions per week consist of 30 to 50 minutes running exercises by intensity of 50-70% of the subjects' heart rate reserve in each session. In the telenursing group, Educational Intervention Based on treatment of diabetes, including diet, exercise training, how to use the drug and how to use a glucometer and barometer and glycemic and blood pressure monitoring, were provided to patients through a software. During the study, the control group received no intervention other than their routine management. Body weight, body fat percentage, fasting blood glucose, Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured before and after intervention. For statistical analysis, dependent t-test was used to examine within-group changes and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to examine between-group changes. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version and P < 0. 050 was considered as statistically significant level. Results: After eight weeks aerobic training intervention, a significant decrease was observed in levels of body weight (P = 0. 023), body fat percentage (P < 0. 001), fasting blood sugar (P = 0. 003), HbA1C (P = 0. 009), systolic blood pressure (P < 0. 001), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0. 039) and resting heart rate (= 0. 004) P) and a significant increase in VO2max (P <0. 001). Also in the telenursing intervention group, was observed a significant decrease in levels of body weight (P = 0. 048), fasting blood sugar (P < 0. 001), HbA1C (P = 0. 012), systolic blood pressure (P = 0. 007), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0. 045). But in the control group, no significant difference was observed in any of the variables (p <0. 05). In the study of between group changes, the results showed that in the both of aerobic training and telenursing groups, there was a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (P < 0. 001) and HbA1C (P <0. 001,P = 0. 005, respectively) compared to the control group was observed. There was a significant decrease in body fat percentage and resting heart rate and a significant increase in VO2max in the aerobic training group compared to the telenursing and control groups (P <0. 001). Significant decrease was observed in systolic blood pressure levels in the aerobic taining group (P <0. 001) and telenursing group (P = 0. 018) compared to the control group, Also reduction of systolic blood pressure in the aerobic training was significantly greater compared to the telenursing group (P <0. 001). But no significant difference was observed in changes in weight (P = 0. 083) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0. 617) between groups. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be said that both intervention methods of aerobic training and telenursing are effective intervention methods on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the study of two intervention methods on glycemic control (fasting blood sugar and HbA1C), there was no significant difference was observed between the two intervention methods of aerobic training and telenursing, and both interventions were effective for glycemic control. Comparing the two methods of intervention on body composition, only aerobic training could reduce body fat percentage and improve body composition in type 2 diabetes patients. In the study of changes in blood pressure, two intervention methods reduced systolic blood pressure without significant change in diastolic blood pressure and the reduction of systolic blood pressure in the aerobic training group was significantly greater than the telenursing group. Comparing the effect of interventions on resting heart rate and VO2max as two variables related to cardiorespiratory function, the results were similar to changes in body fat percentage in the aerobic training group and a significant increase in VO2max and a significant decrease in resting heart rate were observed in type 2 diabetes patients. In general, although both methods of intervention have an effective role in the management of type 2 diabetes, especially glycemic control in these people, However, due to the results and greater effectiveness of aerobic training on body composition and cardiovascular function (systolic blood pressure, resting heart rate and VO2max), More care to exercise training as an important port of the treatment of type 2 diabetes is essential.

Background & Aims: The use of smoking is considered as an important and widespread health problem in various sectors, including students in other parts of the world. Smoking, as one of the greatest threats to human health, causes the worst biological and psychosocial catastrophes and is one of the deadliest factors that increase the overall disease in the world, especially in relation to possible disease. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and seizures have been reported (1). Of the world's 1. 1 smokers, 80% are in low-and middle-income communities (2). In the study, 7. 28 causes smoking in the age range of 18 to 24 years, which is the majority of students in the same age range (3). Findings of this study showed that 10. 9% of students are smokers, 1. 9% are women and 15. 45% are men(4). Numerous factors have been investigated as possible causes of students' tendency to smoke,In the study of the existence of problems and incompatibilities with family members, especially spouses and parents, and increasing relationships outside the family, including friends, or feelings of loneliness increases the tendency to smoke (5). The feeling of loneliness is a common experienceamong all human beings that almost every person has experienced and experienc) 6). Feeling lonely is a person's mental assessment of the situation in which he or she finds himself or herself, so that he or she will not feel as intimate in his or her friendly and intimate relationships as he or she would like. In other words, the feeling of loneliness can be considered as perceived social loneliness and not necessarily objective social loneliness. Feeling lonely as a threat to mental health (7),Increases stress and anxiety, dropping out of school, depression, shyness, low self-esteem, increases the risk of suicide and high-risk behaviors such as smoking and substance abuse in adolescents (5). Another factor that seems to be the tendency to smoke is academic burnout. Academic burnout in students means feeling tired in doing homework and studying materials, having a pessimistic attitude towards education and feeling inadequate for education (10) Burnout also occurs when a person experiences stress for a long period of time. The results of some studies indicate that academic burnout in students leads to despair and apathy (11). It seems that academic stressors provide the ground for students' tendency to smoke by creating grounds for emotional fatigue and feelings of academic inefficiency in students (12). Little research has been done on the relationship between the variables of academic burnout and the tendency to smoke. In studies of burnout, there was a positive correlation with personality traits of neuroticism and agreement and a negative correlation with personality traits of extroversion and openness, and no significant correlation was reported between conscience and burnout (13). . Research has shown that academic failure is a predictor of drug addiction (14). In a study, they found that drug use has negative effects on students' academic achievement (15). Another variable that can be related to smoking tendency is sleep quality. Sleep quality refers to mental indicators of how you experience sleep, such as sleep satisfaction (16). Some studies on the young population have reported a higher prevalence of sleep problems in the sleep quality of the young population (17). The student population is a group that is particularly affected by sleep disorders (18) and sleep problems in this group are estimated to be 2 to 5 times the general population. They usually go to bed later, wake up later, and experience more boredom and fewer hours of sleep (19). They experience most of the conditions such as insomnia and insomnia, extreme fatigue, irritability and sensitivity, forgetfulness and neglect, difficulty concentrating and attention, physical complaints and personality-related disorders (20),It is clear that sleep-related problems and their diagnosis are an unknown public health problem among students (21). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of loneliness, burnout and sleep quality in predicting smoking tendency in students. Methods: The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all students of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in the academic year 1397-98. Among them, 181 people were selected using available sampling method and to collect data from the questionnaire on smoking attitude (this questionnaire includes a Likert scale to measure the attitude to smoking, which in a total of 32 items with The reliability coefficient is 0. 871 in three cognitive dimensions of 9 items with a reliability coefficient of 0. 739, the emotional dimension of 11 items with a reliability coefficient of 0. 825 and the behavioral dimension of 12 items with a reliability coefficient of 0. 876 (27) Ditomasu loneliness and Colleagues (this scale has 14 questions and its purpose is to assess the level of social and emotional loneliness of individuals (romantic loneliness, family loneliness, social loneliness). The scoring method is based on a 5-point Likert scale that respondents agree with. Or express their opposition to these questions on a scale of 5 options from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1) In this questionnaire, except for question 14, all other questions are scored in reverse Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used for its reliability and the value of this coefficient for the dimensions of this questionnaire is as follows: romantic loneliness 0. 92, family loneliness 0. 84, community loneliness 0. 78 (28), Practical burnout (This is a modified questionnaire of the general burnout scale, which has been modified for use in student samples. This questionnaire has a total of 15 questions and includes three subscales. Emotional fatigue is measured by 5 questions. Doubt and pessimism through 4 questions examined, academic self-efficacy is measured by 6 questions. All questions are scored in a 7-point continuum from never (0) to always (6). Cronbach's alpha for the dimensions of this questionnaire is as follows,Emotional fatigue 0. 89,Doubt and pessimism 0. 84,Academic self-efficacy (0. 29) and Petersburg quality of sleep (this questionnaire measures seven factors of mental quality, delay in falling asleep, duration of sleep, useful sleep, sleep disorders, use of sleeping pills and daily dysfunction, and It consists of 18 items. The subjects answer a range of answers from zero to 3. The total score of the index also ranges from 0 to 21 and high scores indicate poor sleep quality and a score above 5 indicates significant sleep disturbance. Validity of 86. 5 and reliability of 89. 6 were reported (30) and statistical methods of correlation coefficient and multiple regression on SPSS 22 software were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that the tendency to smoke with a total score of feeling lonely (R= 0. 35, P= 0. 01), burnout (R= 0. 17, P= 0. 05), sleep quality. (R= 0. 15, P= 0. 05) There is a positive and significant relationship. The regression results also showed that the combination of sleep quality, burnout and loneliness predicts 12% of the variance of smoking tendency scores. Also, the feeling of loneliness is the only variable that alone predicts the tendency to smoke. Conclusion: According to the results, loneliness, burnout and sleep quality have important role in students' tendency to smoke. By providing counseling, workshops, and intervention programs to reduce these factors to prevent smoking in students can be helpful.

Background & Aims: Normally, there is a good balance between the production of free radicals and the body's antioxidant defense. Disruption of this balance causes oxidative stress. Some studies show that heated oils in food can be a source of free radicals in the body. The reason for this is that, the harmful effects of high temperature and heat on the production of trans fatty acids, which increase the production of free radicals by increasing lipid peroxidation. Consumption of fast food and fried foods causes oxidative stress and obesity in people. Brown adipose tissue as a specialized thermoregulatory organ and mitochondria as a source of oxidative stress and a site of beta-oxidation and production of antioxidants are very important. SIRT1 is located in the nucleus and is one of the first known genes involved in the cellular response to stress and the recall of fatty acids from fat cells in the human body. SIRT1 is recognized as an essential protein in antioxidant defense and homeostatic control. Studies have shown that antioxidant activity in various tissues of the body can be affected through stimulants such as exercise training or the use of herbal supplements such as octopamine, which is an effective ingredient in bitter orange. Both exercise training and octopamine have antioxidant properties and have the ability to activate catecholamines and beta-energy receptors in adipose tissue. So the purpose of the present study was to determine an interactive effect of exercise training and octopamine on SIRT-1 gene expression in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO. Methods: In an experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22 2 2 °,C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12: 12 hours without restriction on water and food. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=6), deep frying oil (DFO, n=6), aerobic training + DFO (n=6), octopamine + DFO (n=6) and aerobic training + octopamine + DFO (n=6). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml/kg of octopamine and Gavage of deep frying oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. In order to adapt the rats in the aerobic training group, before starting the main training program, the rats in this group ran at a speed of 9 m / min for 20 minutes for a week. The aerobic exercise protocol consisted of 4 weeks of aerobic exercise and 5 sessions per week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. To prepare deep frying oil, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive days at a temperature of 190 to 200 °,C for 4 consecutive days. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The brown adipose tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at-80°, C. SIRT1 gene expression was measured by Real time PCR. Independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All the analyses were done by SPSS software version 21, and the charts were drawn using Microsoft Excel software version 16. The significance level was p <0. 05. Results: The results showed that consumption of deep frying oil induced a significant decrease in gene expression of SIRT-1 (P<0. 05) compared to the healthy control group. The aerobic training group and octopamine group showed a significant increase in gene expression of SIRT-1 compared to DFO group (P<0. 05). The interaction effect of aerobic training and octopamine caused the non-significant difference in SIRT-1 gene expression (P>0. 05) in comparison with the DFO group. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, oxidative stress due to deep heated oil is one of the inhibitors of SIRT-1 activity. Stimulation of upstream mechanisms by octopamine appears to stimulate SIRT1 activity. Aerobic training also increases SIRT1 gene expression by activating cell surface receptors of epinephrine. The interactive effect of aerobic training and octopamine did not increase statistically significantly, but these positive changes are also physiologically important. To see a significant increase in a synergistic effect, it may be necessary to change factors such as the duration and intensity of training or the dose of octopamine. Briefly, it appears that aerobic training and octopamine can cause an increase of SIRT-1 gene expression of brown adipose tissue by stimulating catecholamines.

Background & Aims: Obesity, as a primitive risk factor in type 2 diabetes, is recognized by the imbalance between absorption and energy expenditure. This imbalance is probably due to the combined effect of reduced physical activity and increased supply of fried foods and fast food at reasonable prices. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has a substantial ability to dissipate excess energy as heat in a process called thermogenesis, which is activated in response to stimulants such as high-fat diets, cold and exercise training. Nowdays, the consumption of fried foods such as french fries has become very popular among human societies. The use of heat causes chemical changes, including oxidation, that can affect mitochondrial function. PGC-1α,is the major regulator of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Low levels of PGC-1α,gene expression increase ROS production and cause oxidative stress. Endurance training is used to prevent and treat obesity, insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes because of its ability to improve mitochondrial function and fatty acid oxidation. One of the adaptations resulting from exercise is altered expression of the PGC-1α,gene. Octopamine is an antioxidant and endogenous antioxidant biogenic amine that has properties similar to catecholamines such as norepinephrine. Octopamine has the ability to stimulate lipolysis and fat metabolism. The present study aimed to determine the interaction effect of 4 weeks of endurance training and octopamine on gene expression of PGC-1α,in brown adipose tissue of male rats fed with DFO. Methods: In an experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing an average of 300 to 350 g and aged 8 weeks were purchased. All rats were kept in polycarbonate cages (5 mice per cage) at 22°, C, 55% humidity and under the light and dark cycle for 12: 12 hours without restriction on water and food. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control (n=6), deep frying oil (DFO, n=6), endurance training + DFO (n=6), octopamine + DFO (n=6) and endurance training + octopamine + DFO (n=6). Intraperitoneal injection of 10 ml/kg of octopamine and gavage of deep-frying oil were done five times a week and every day, respectively. To adapt the rats in the aerobic training group, before starting the main training program, the rats in this group ran at a speed of 9 m / min for 20 minutes for a week. The endurance training protocol consisted of 4 weeks of endurance training and 5 sessions a week week. The training session included 5 minutes of warm-up at 7 m / min and 5 minutes of cooling at 5 m / min. The intensity of training started in the first week with 50% vo2max and a speed of 16 m / min, and in the last week it reached 65% vo2max and a speed of 26 m / min. To prepare deep frying oil, 8 liters of sunflower oil was heated for 190 consecutive days at a temperature of 190 to 200 °,C for 4 consecutive days. 48 hours after the last training session and 8 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and then sacrificed. The brown adipose tissue was immediately removed from the body and stored in a nitrogen tank at-80 °,C. Gene expression of PGC-1α,was measured by Real time PCR. Independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferoni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All the analyses were done by SPSS software version 21 and the charts were drawn using Microsoft Excel software version 16. The significance level was p<0. 05. Results: The results showed that consumption of deep frying oil induced significant decrease in gene expression of PGC-1α,(p<0. 05) compared to the healthy control group. The endurance training caused a significant increase in gene expression of PGC-1α,(p>0. 05) compared to the DFO group. Effect of octopamine alone and the interaction effect of endurance training and octopamine caused the non-significant increase in PGC-1α,gene expression in comparison with the DFO group (P>0. 05). Conclusion: The endurance training and octopamine may have influenced PGC-1α,gene expression through their antioxidant and lipolytic properties. However, the octopamine group and the interaction group of endurance training and octopamine require changes in the dose, intensity, and duration of endurance training for their effects to be statistically significant. Probably, endurance training has affected PGC-1α,gene expression by stimulating elevated levels of catecholamines (epinephrine), stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors through the upregulation of orexin signals in adipose tissue, and activation of CREB transcription factors. In addition, exercise can increase the gene expression of PGC-1α,by increasing and activating NRF2 and binding it to the Antioxidant response element (ARE) and finally the production of antioxidants.

Background & Aims: People's competence has been identified as one of the most important issues today. In a way, a public effort has been made to improve the competence of individuals (2). Individual competence makes people have good self-awareness and have a good knowledge of themselves in the first step. This is done through the role of individual competence in managing emotions as well as knowing the environment (7). Personal competence also improves people's management while enabling them to have more appropriate discipline. On the other hand, competence causes the improvement of motivational processes among individuals and they have appropriate capacities to improve and expand their performance due to having the desired motivational status (8). Individual competence plays an important role in people's success in work and life by distinguishing them from each other. This issue has caused individual competence as a key and important variable to always be considered by researchers. In an effort to improve individual competence has led to the identification of various variables in this area (9). Attention to psychological issues as well as organizational intelligence has caused it to be mentioned as key variables in the formation of desirable capacities in people. Psychological aspects have always been identified as one of the most important and influential issues due to the capacities it has created in the individual and attitude domains (10). Psychological factors, by affecting the general nature of individuals, cause their mental, attitudinal and behavioral status to be severely affected, and this overshadows the process of improving individuals' skills and abilities (11). Psychological factors as important components of individual issues play an important role in people's success. Psychological factors cause people to have good mental health, have the ability to make decisions and have the best behaviors in accordance with the situation in critical situations (12). This is due to the important and key capacities of psychological aspects in the formation of environmental awareness in individuals and through it the mastery of different situations. Organizational intelligence is one of the components that managers and employees must have in order to gain organizational knowledge by gaining deep knowledge of all environmental factors (15). Organizational intelligence functions have caused it to be mentioned as an important and influential variable among individuals (16). Given the importance of people's competence, it is necessary to consider the variables that improve this issue. The research gap on the impact of psychological factors and organizational intelligence on the competence of individuals has led to the formation of fundamental ambiguities about improving the competence of individuals, as well as operational strategies to improve the competence of individuals. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether psychological factors and organizational intelligence affect people's competence. Methods: The present research is a descriptive-survey research and from the purpose perspective, it is one of the applied researches that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the present study consisted of managers of power distribution companies in the northern provinces of the country (124 people) who were selected as a sample based on Morgan table and a simple random number of 94 people. The research instruments include 3 questionnaires of researcher-made psychological factors (including 22 questions and five components of perception, motivation, learning, attitude and mental health), Karl Albrecht 2002 Organizational Intelligence Questionnaire (including 49 questions and seven components of strategic vision, shared destiny, desire to Change, unity and agreement, morale, application of knowledge and performance pressure) and the Good Behavior Competence Questionnaire 2011 (including 12 questions and three components of self-awareness, self-management and self-motivation) which are scored based on a five-point Likert scale. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were also evaluated as desirable in the present study. Finally, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test and structural equations using PLS software version 3 and SPSS software version 20 were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the present study showed that psychological factors have an effect on the competence of individuals by 0. 491. It was also found that organizational intelligence has an effect on individual competence of 0. 366. Selected indicators were used to evaluate the fit of the research model. The results showed that psychological factors, organizational intelligence and competence of individuals are in good condition (criteria higher than 0. 7). On the other hand, it was found that the second root of the mean values of the extracted variance of each structure is greater than the correlation values of that structure with other structures (Table 1). On the other hand, considering that the desired value of the GOF index is higher than 0. 36, it can be said that the value of this index is in a favorable position in the individual competency variable. According to the results of the model fit index, it was found that the research model has a good fit in all indicators (Table 2). Conclusion: The results showed that organizational intelligence has an effect of 0. 366 on people's competence. In other words, focusing on organizational intelligence and psychological factors including perception, motivation, learning, attitude and mental health can provide the basis for improving people's competence. This issue has been mentioned in various researches. It seems that organizational intelligence can help make faster decisions by fully evaluating the information and past actions and examining the selected solutions of the organization. Organizational intelligence due to strategic vision, common destiny, and desire for change, unity and agreement, morale, application of knowledge and performance pressure causes people to have desirable skills and capacities in their areas of performance, and this raises the level. It becomes the merit of individuals. In other words, organizational intelligence creates potential capacities among people that can lead to increased competence among them. It also seems that psychological factors by improving the attitude and behavior of people and also improving the mental health of people cause people to have a good mental and psychological state. In other words, psychological factors create desirable capacities in individuals to improve individual status and improve individual skills, which leads to improved individual competence. With this in mind, it can be said that the potentials of psychological factors and its positive effects on the abilities of individuals have caused it to affect the level of competence of individuals. According to the results of the present study, it can be suggested that by holding training courses to improve the organizational intelligence of individuals, while improving the organizational intelligence of individuals to improve their competence. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that in order to improve the morale of individuals in order to achieve success, they should improve their mental abilities in order to improve competence. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that screening people in terms of mental health and identifying people with mental health problems, while improving people's mental health to improve their competence.

Background & Aims: Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 15 women worldwide (1). One of the cases that seems to be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome is angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is essential for the growth and differentiation of the human endometrium, and this process depends on the major endothelial vascular growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors, so that angiogenesis is the major feature of implantation and placenta formation (6). Progesterone has been shown to stimulate the proliferation of endometrial endothelial cells, and this proliferation may be mediated by genes involved in angiogenesis (8). In general, angiogenesis is the process of active proliferation of endothelial cells, and the formation of active vessels requires coordinated interactions between endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the cells that surround them. In addition, intercellular connections must be broken. This is done by the large family of matrix metalloproteases, and inhibition of their secretion or activity can lead to tumor control in angiogenesis leading to metalloprotease inhibitors (12). But which factors influence angiogenesis is a question that has occupied the minds of researchers. Meanwhile, TIMP2 inactivates MMP9 (13). Exercise has also been shown to increase TIMP2 activity one day after exercise (14). Endostatin is another factor that is inversely related to the capillary network of the anterior buttock muscle and the left ventricular muscle of the rat. Endostatin levels are also low in the left ventricle and anterior tibialis muscle (15). Research suggests that the most important way to prevent and treat infertility disorders in people with polycystic ovary syndrome is to control their diabetes and weight (16). Although the benefits of aerobic exercise have been proven in many studies, little research has been done on intense intermittent exercise. One type of intense intermittent exercise is the Tabata exercise (5). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (22). Considering the above and the importance of treating polycystic ovary syndrome on the one hand and the importance of angiogenesis on the other hand, the researcher intends to investigate the effect of Tabata exercise in water and metformin on endostatin and in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Methods: The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29. 9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0. 05. Results: The results showed that Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption had a significant effect on endostatin factor in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (F = 12. 782, P = 0. 001). Water training post-test (P = 0. 001) on the one hand and there is a significant difference between water training post-test with control pre-test (P = 0. 001) and control post-test (P = 0. 001) but between other groups There is no significant difference (Figure 1). The results showed that Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption significantly increased TIMP2 in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (F = 12. 520, P = 0. 001). Water training test (P = 0. 001) on the one hand and there is a significant difference between water training post-test with control pre-test (P = 0. 001) and control post-test (P = 0. 001) but there is a difference between other groups. There is no significance (Figure 2). Conclusion: Imbalance of expression of angiogenic factors plays an important role in abnormal increase of ovarian stromal blood flow in polycystic ovary syndrome. In this study, Tabata exercise program in water and metformin consumption significantly reduced serum endostatin levels. Findings from this study and other research show that exercise, unlike acute activity, has a different effect. These results indicate that the response of endostatin to exercise depends on the anthropometric characteristics and the level of readiness of the subjects. The mechanism by which endostatin is reduced in response to exercise is still unclear. But it is possible that exercise reduces the rate of metamorphosis in the extracellular matrix, and this may prevent the release of endostatin from collagen. Endostatin levels depend on factors such as gender, age, disease, history, and level of fitness (26). Regarding the increase of TIMP-2 due to Tabata exercise in water and metformin consumption in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, it can be stated that although the exact mechanism of the effect of exercise on the regulation of TIMP-2 levels is not well known, but increased production Angiostatin (a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo) and the activity of cathepsin D, an enzyme required for angiostatin production, have been observed in mice (35). Also, with increasing age, the amount of oxidative stress and activation of the nuclear factor NF-κ, B increases (36). Therefore, it can be suggested that exercise may be one of the ways to reduce oxidative stress and increase the production of inhibitors leading to an increase in TIMP-2 in the present study.

Background & Aims: Dual power is very difficult because it involves two opposing processes of exploration and exploitation that must be managed simultaneously (3). Exploration refers to innovation, creativity, change and repetition, while exploitation refers to cost-effectiveness, implementation, re-launching processes and achieving goals (4). Organizational ambiguity is a new concept in management that can be discussed in relation to organizational survival and its performance. An organization needs organizational ambiguity to survive, grow, improve performance, innovate and be competitive in today's dynamic environment. Successful organizations in a dynamic environment are ambiguous by using the facilities at their disposal (exploiting) and discovering new opportunities (exploring). 11 The basic concept of ambivalent is the individual's ability to use both hands simultaneously. Some research has examined the prerequisites for ambivalence, for example, personal characteristics that can increase employees' ambiguity, including intrinsic motivation (17), cognitive information (18), self-efficacy (19), attitude and orientation. (20) is stress management and self-confidence for social support (21). Also, the relationships between psychological characteristics of the individual and ambivalence may be adjusted by other variables such as age, experience, and emotional intelligence (22, 23). Therefore, based on the existing theoretical foundations, the variables of psychological capital, intrinsic motivation, ability to cope with stress, competence mediated by emotional intelligence are defined as important psychological preconditions on the duality of the organization. But also provide new ground for fundamental research and new psychological strategies to increase organizational ambiguity for managers and decision makers. Therefore, the researcher seeks to answer the question of whether the pattern of psychological factors affecting ambiguity in organizations is sufficiently appropriate. Methods: The present descriptive and applied research population consisted of managers of small and medium companies in Tabriz, which due to the unlimited population and 379 available managers of companies were selected as a sample. Then the emotional intelligence questionnaire has 33 questions and evaluation of three components (emotional evaluation and expression, emotional regulation and exploitation of emotion), dual-ability questionnaire has 14 questions and two components (exploratory and exploitation), internal motivation has 6 questions, management Stress has 34 questions and component evaluations (strategies for creating a sense of optimism, time management, recreational activities, exercise, putting the body at rest, putting others patiently on a diet) and psychological capital and psychological empowerment. Provide them with 15 questions and evaluation components (competency, management, assistance, management, etc. ) and ask them to answer the questionnaire patiently and honestly. Finally, to describe the data, the mean and standard deviation in the form of SPSS software version 26, to examine the conceptual model, confirmatory factor analysis (measurement and structural model) version 9. 3 was used. Results: The results of confirmatory path analysis showed that the effect of psychological capital, intrinsic motivation, stress management and psychological empowerment and emotional intelligence on duality in organizations is positive and significant. Also, psychological capital and intrinsic motivation do not have a significant effect on duality in organizations, but also, the effect of stress management and psychological empowerment on duality in organizations is positive and significant (Table 1) The results of celebrating the mediator variable showed that emotional intelligence does not have a mediating and significant role on the relationship between capitalism and the ambiguity of organizations, emotional intelligence does not play a mediating and significant role on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and ambiguity of organizations. Also, emotional intelligence has a positive and significant role on the relationship between stress management and ambiguity of organizations,Finally, emotional intelligence has a positive and significant role on the relationship between psychological empowerment and ambiguity of organizations (Table 2). It was also found that the proposed model has a good fit. Conclusion: The results showed that increasing psychological capital leads to improving organizational ambiguity. In fact, psychological capital, by relying on the psychological variables of positivism such as hope and self-efficacy leads to the promotion of the value of human capital and social capital in the organization (26). Belief or confidence in one's abilities is known as self-efficacy. This belief and confidence in a person becomes success in performing certain tasks, and this success is also through motivating oneself, providing cognitive resources for oneself and The necessary actions are taken (27). Therefore, since ambiguity is very difficult, because it involves two opposing processes of exploration and exploitation that must be managed simultaneously (3). Therefore, having self-efficacy, optimism and resilience along with hope seem to play a significant role in organizational ambiguity. Another finding showed that intrinsic motivation is one of the factors affecting organizational ambiguity. One of the most important factors influencing the performance of managers and employees is internal motivation. Employees who have strong motivation to do the job, do their job enthusiastically and have a lot of passion for their job. Thus, job aspiration-as a desirable resource-may lead to a positive cycle of resources and consequently positive effects on health (30), which results in the proper performance of the assigned job tasks or behaviors beyond it, such as individual ambiguity. it is possible. The results showed that the use of stress management strategies can improve organizational ambiguity. Research has shown that job stress can reduce people's performance by affecting micro-factors such as sleep, lifestyle, food intake, fatigue and health complaints (32, 31). Given that stress reduces organizational productivity, it seems logical that stress management through methods such as experiencing a sense of happiness, diet, recreation. . . can address ambiguity as a dual opposite process and challenge Have a positive effect. The results of the present study showed that psychological ability has a positive effect on organizational ambiguity. Psychological empowerment is the feeling and perception of the individual in the work environment that creates and strengthens the sense of empowerment in the mental dimensions of the individual leads to his empowerment. In fact, empowerment in organizations reflects the psychological state of employees. Psychological empowerment seems to create a sense of competence,To be meaningful,The right to choose and influence (34) can lead to the improvement of organizational ambiguity. Finally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive effect on organizational ambiguity. But it only has a mediating and significant role between psychological empowerment and stress management with ambiguity. Emotional intelligence is one of the capabilities associated with success in life. Employees with high emotional intelligence are more conscientious because of their ability to evaluate and deal with emotions, understand the causes of stress, be gentle with problems, and control their own and others' emotions, and have more loyalty to the organization. Those people in the organization who have higher emotional intelligence are more successful in obtaining a job and job position (34).