Razi Journal of Medical Sciences
Year:2021 | Volume: | Issue: |Papers Count:15

Background & Aims: In spite of benefiting from technology, the modern mankind is suffering from miscellaneous problems and anxieties which not only threaten their mental health and peace, but also affect their physical health to drop the level of physical immunity and delay in healing. The World Health Organization defines mental health as patterns, methods and strategies which provide a stress-free, relaxed life with no mental preoccupations. In other words, mental health guaranties a desirable physical, mental and social state in harmony with other people. Thus far, a great deal of research has been carried out on the relation between mental health and physical activity, job satisfaction, fasting etc. Much research has already been carried out on the relation between devotion to religion and mental health. The bulk of such research indicate positive effects of religiousness on mental health (8-23). Mousavi and Hasani studied the relation between religiousness and mental health in university students, and concluded that there was a direct positive relation between them. They concluded that devotion of students to religion tends to decrease the probability of mental disorders and contributes to their social support, mental health and a rise in the physical immunity system through developing healthy behavioral patterns, increasing positive affections and optimism. Strengthening students’,religious beliefs and attitudes will add to their health. As previously mentioned, plenty of research has been carried out on the relation between religion and mental health,however, because of the contradiction prevalent in their conclusions, the present study seeks to investigate the effects of religiousness on university students’,mental health in a systematic and meta-analytical manner to come up with a sound understanding of the effects of religion on mental health as in previous pieces of research. Methods: The present research is of a systematic review and meta_analysis. Articles in Persian language were retrieved from the websites of the Irandoc, SID, noormags, civilica, elmnet. Papers were searched without time limitations until December 2020 through Persian equivalents for “, religiousness”, , “, religion”,and “, mental health”,as key terms. Entry criteria included researches based on relation evaluation and subjects of study were university students. Upon searching the above-mentioned websites, all the selected papers were applied to Endnote Software to detect and eliminate identical ones. After eliminating identical papers, all titles and abstracts were reviewed to detect those relevant with the research. Through a number of stages, the present study determined the exact research question, collected, analyzed and interpreted the data based on PRISMA (36). The findings concerned with the role of religiousness on university student's mental health were extracted. The correlation coefficient and sample size were used for statistical calculations. Results: Searching the keywords in different sites led to 203 relevant papers. Then identical papers (60 cases) were eliminated leaving 143 papers for reviewing titles and abstracts. Sieving led to seeing into 43 papers in more detail. The whole criteria of import and export observed, 27 papers were thoroughly investigated. 11 papers were eliminated because of failing in providing the required information, leaving 16 papers for final investigation. Availability of 16 studies with fine quantitative data on the relation between university students’,religiousness and mental health made a meta-analysis test possible (8-23). The meta-analysis test reveals a meaningful relation between students’,religiousness and mental health with a confidence interval of 95% by the random effects model. Because the confidence interval EF= 0. 035, CI: 95%(0. 003 to 0. 67) does not include zero (I2 =% 90. 50, P=0. 000). Begg’, s Funnel plot was used to measure the bias of publishing articles. Funnel plot studies the bias of meta-analysis publication of the relation between university students’,religiousness and mental health. Regarding funnel plot and Z grade and the level of meaningfulness resulting from Begg’, s Test (P= 0. 669, Z=-0. 427), no directionality was found concerning publication of articles on the relation between student's religiousness and mental health. Moreover, the points on the chart look symmetric, and no visual directionally was detected. Conclusion: Religiousness is an important psychological structure related to the mental health of human beings and can be of assistance to those in charge of health planning. Strengthening the various dimensions of religiousness in university students contributes to the promotion of their mental health. However, the planning which would apply the findings of the present study with a view to the relation between different elements of religiousness and mental health could yield more favorable results.

Background & Aims: The present paper aims to explore the relationship between the emotionality of firm managers as a personality character and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Personality is a pattern of social behavior and social interrelations, so an individual’, s personality is a set of ways by which he or she typically responds to and interacts with others. Attitudes, job efficiency, educational achievement, healthcare effectiveness, and, overall, the adaptability of humans to life situations are associated with their personality attributes. An individual’, s performance is affected by many variables, above all their personality characteristics. Research on people’, s personality characteristics shows that their behavior depends on their character and personality, so personality characteristics lay the ground for their behaviors. An organization’, s social responsibility is beyond the framework of the minimum legal requirements of the organization. A major attribute of social responsibility is that all stakeholders should be considered. Stakeholder parties are defined as the groups of people somehow affecting or being affected by the organization and its activities. They include owners, board members, employees and unions, customers, commercial partners, suppliers, competitors, government, non-governmental organizations, and local communities. A human capital that plays a key role in converting the resources of a firm into income and creating wealth for stakeholders and can guarantee the viability and growth of organizations is potent and efficient management. The best performance and success of organizations can be expected only if they have potent and capable managers. The enhancement of society requires understanding people’, s personalities considering the differences in personality and their impact on their performance. To understand personality, psychologists have studies its aspects and categorized people into different personality types. They argue that this categorization can be used in developing various economic, social, cultural, education, and other plans. To do their duties about all stakeholders, firms should incur costs. Managers incur these costs to create a proper mentality in stakeholders and believe that satisfying a community will motivate it to participate and will improve its performance. Methods: The statistical population of the present research was composed of all managers of the firms listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period was a one-year period over 2019-2020. The sample size was determined by Cochran’, s method to be 184. The firms included in the sample were selected by simple randomization. The research is an applied ex-post-facto study that is a descriptive survey in terms of methodology. The emotionality of the managers was considered as the independent variable and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) as the dependent variable. Emotionality is one of the six characters in the HEXACO model. CSR has five dimensions including responsibilities towards society and country, environmental responsibility, workspace responsibility, market and industry responsibilities, operation, and intra-organizational processes. Data on the managers’,personality characteristics were collected by the HEXACO personality inventory (Ashton and Lee, 2009) The CSR checklist was prepared by the researcher and was used after it was confirmed by a panel of academic teachers and experts. Data on CSR were extracted from the firms’,annual reports. These reports are published in the Codal portal concurrent with the publication of annual audited financial statements. They provide important information such as the introduction of board members, opportunities and threats, the general status of the firm by providing the main financial ratios of the firm, a description of ongoing activities, a description of the future programs, the industrial perspective in which the firm operates, the status of the firm in the industry inside and outside the country, the firm’, s incomes and expenses, the most important income and expense information including the trend of the income and final price of the firm in recent years. The conceptual model of the research was tested by the analysis algorithm using the partial least squares in the Smart PLS 3 and SPSS 24 software packages. Results: The analyses were performed in two phases of analyzing the fit of the measurement model and the fit of the structural model. The fit of the measurement model was checked by three criteria of reliability, convergent validity, and divergent validity. The reliability of the measurement model was calculated by the coefficients of factor loads, Cronbach’, s alpha, and composite reliability. The structural model was studied by analyzing the relations of the latent variables and the criteria of coefficients of significance, coefficients of determination, and Stone-Geisser criterion. The results of testing the research hypotheses showed that the emotionality of managers is related to all dimensions of CSR. Conclusion: So, it is concluded that managers with the emotionality personality character pursue the benefits of all groups involved in the company and prioritize social responsibility towards all people, personnel, environment, and the market of the company’, s commodities in corporate programs. Prioritizing stakeholders will increase mutual attention to the company and its products and this will ultimately increase the firm value and stakeholders’,wealth.

Background & Aims: Deep frying oil (DFO) are a method used in many fast foods. High heat has changed the structure of oil, which can affect people's health. Fried oils can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can play an important role in many pathological conditions. ROS in cerebellar tissue can cause oxidative stress and damage nerve cells. Regular physical activity, as a necessity for a healthy life, can affect all organs and systems of the body, and has a valuable role in the functioning of the central nervous system and they are effective in preventing or delaying the death of cerebellar cells. Also the use of some supplements, such as herbal supplements, can increase the antioxidant effects of exercise, which can affect the cerebellum tissue and neutralize the oxidative damage caused by harmful foods. In general, along with endurance training, a variety of herbal remedies can be prescribed. Octopamine has been reported to modulate some neurophysiological processes due to its stimulant function, which increases the efficiency of physical function in endurance training, so it can be used as a supplement. Therefore, due to the increase in consumption of foods prepared with DFO, The present study aimed to review the effects of aerobic exercise and octopamine supplement on the activity of SOD and MDA concentration in cerebellar tissue of rats fed with DFO. Methods: This experimental study, was conducted on 30 adult male wistar rats average aged 20 weeks with an average weight of 300-350 gr. The subjects were randomly divided into 5 groups: Healthy Control, DFO Control, exercise+DFO, DFO+octopamine, DFO+exercise+octopamine. At the beginning of the first week, the subjects were exposed to DFO poisoning 0. 1cc per 100 gr of body weight by Gavage. The rats received the intraperitoneal injection of octopamine (81 mMol / kg /day) for 4 weeks, 5 days per week. Training was done for 4 weeks, 5 days a week and 20 minutes per day at a speed of 26 m/minute aerobic exercises. After 4 weeks, all rats were anesthetized with respiratory chloroform and histoplasty was performed and MDA and SOD levels were measured on samples fixed cerebellum. Finally, descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Results: DFO intake significantly increased MDA concentration and decreased SOD activity (p<0. 01). Exercise significantly reduced cerebellar MDA concentration (F=174. 87, P=0. 001). Octopamine supplementation had a significant reduction in cerebellar MDA concentration (F=211. 61, P=0. 001). The interaction of exercise and octopamine supplementation had a significant decrease on cerebellar MDA concentration more than the effect of each intervention alone (F=4. 39, P=0. 049). Exercise significantly increased cerebellar SOD activity (F=200. 65, P=0. 001). Octopamine supplementation had the effect of increasing cerebellar SOD activity (F=99. 79, P=0. 001). The interaction of exercise and octopamine supplementation also had a significant increase in cerebellar SOD activity more than the effect of each intervention alone (F=22. 87, P=0. 001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that endurance training combined with octopamine consumption can reduce the oxidative damage caused by unhealthy diets such as deep-heated oils in brain tissue. The reception of deep frying oils by reducing the activity of SOD enzyme and increasing the concentration of MDA causes the development of oxidative pressure in cerebellum tissue. SOD are the front line of defense against oxygen-induced damage (ROS). These proteins reduce free radicals that damage cells in excessive concentrations. MDA which is the result of peroxidation of lipids, especially membrane lipids, as one of the most important mediators of free radical damage, can easily and extensively bind or break down important biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, which can lead to a variety of diseases. Regular endurance training can lead to the adaptation of the antioxidant system and improve the capacity of this system in the detoxification reaction, or in other words, the neutralization of active species of oxygen and nitrogen. Also, the use of herbal supplements such as octopamine is able to increase the antioxidant effects of exercise, which can affect the cerebellum tissue and neutralize the oxidative damage caused by harmful foods. Due to its stimulant function, octopamine modulates some neurophysiological processes that increase the efficiency of physical function in endurance training. Endurance training and octopamine alone reduced the oxidative pressure created and, when applied simultaneously, enhanced each other's effect. Based on this, it is found that in the conditions of induction of oxidation pressure induced by DFO, these two interventions have a neuroprotective effect and enhance each other synergistically.

Background & Aims: Nosocomial infection is the most common phenomena in hospital and is one of the important factors influencing the increase in mortality, hospital duration and costs. The intensive care unit (ICU) is a sensitive site for the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. The most common nosocomial infection is pneumonia, which affects up to 80% of patients with endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Agreeing to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly 15% of the patients conceded to the center endure from Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI). More than 1. 4 healing million individuals all over the world endure from the complications of this sort of malady. The use of long term antibiotic therapy leads to emergence of multi drug resistance (MDR) in patients especially admitted in ICU. Up to 40% of causative operators of HAI are antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, with the ESKAPE bunch (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp. ) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) as the foremost visit causative operators of HAI. Subsequently, it is fundamental to pay more consideration to determination and control of nosocomial contaminations in arrange to reach lower levels of this kind of infection in clinics and hospitals especially in ICUs. Patients with multi drug resistant gram negative bacteria diseases are at higher hazard of enduring impressive delays within the medicine of satisfactory empiric antimicrobial treatment, coming about in expanded dismalness, mortality, and health-care costs. Transmission of MDR bacteria from one patient to the other patient by treatment staff is another challenge in nosocomial infections especially in intensive care units. Currently one of the most important concerns of World Health Organization (WHO) is the ineffectiveness of most antibiotics against resistant bacteria. The prevalence of MDR pathogens around the world is gradually increasing. If this trend continues, it can be very difficult to control these bacteria in the future. Thus, periodic monitoring of the type of bacteria causing nosocomial infections and their resistance pattern is special importance for any medical center. The aim of this study is to investigate the phenotypic resistance pattern of gram-negative isolates, isolated from tracheal sputum discharge of patients admitted to the intensive care units of Firoozabadi Hospital. Methods: In this study which is done in a descriptive and cross-sectional method, 147 gram-negative isolates were isolated from tracheal sputum discharge of patients admitted to the intensive care units of Firoozabadi Hospital during six months. Samples were isolated at least three days after intubation and were identified by microscopic and biochemical methods. Then, for all isolates, antibiogram test was performed by Kirby-Bier method (Disk Diffusion) according to CLSI 2019 standard. 0. 5 McFarland from fresh bacteria was prepared. Autoclaved Mueller Hinton agar plate was poured into the sterile Petri dishes. Each bacterium was inoculated on the surface of plates. Each antibiotic disc was placed on an agar plate and they were incubated at a temperature of 37 °, C for 18–, 24 h. Inhibition zones were repeatedly measured three times and mean values of zone diameter are reported. Descriptive variables in this study we e reported as mean, frequency and percentage (%). Students t-test was used to examine th differences between the variables and chi-quare or Fisher's exact test was used to examine the relationship between the two qualitative variables. Significance level in the present study was considered 5%. All analyzes were performed by SPSS23 software. Results: The results of this study showed that the highest rate of infection was related to Acinetobacterbaumannii isolates 68(46. 3%), Klebsiella pneumonia isolates 52 (35. 4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates 20 (13. 6%), E. coli isolates 4 (2. 7 %), Citrobacterdivercus isolates 2 (1. 4%) and Citrobacterfreundii isolate 1 (0. 7%), respectively. The highest percentage of resistance among all isolates were found in piperacillin (92. 5%) and cefepime (91. 8%), respectively and the lowest percentage of resistance in all isolates was seen in ciprofloxacin , (74. 8%). In , addition, , the , highest , percentage , of , resistance , in Acinetobacterbaumannii isolates was related to piperacillin (96. 96%) and ciprofloxacin (96. 55%), in Klebsiellapneumoniae isolateswas seenin ciprofloxacin (94. 73%) and piperacillin (94%), in Pseudomonasaeruginosaisolates were found in ciprofloxacin (100%), imipenem (95%) and cefepime (95%) and in E. coli isolates was seen 100% resistance to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, piperacillin and cefepime. Among 147 isolates, 44. 21% of Acinetobacterbaumannii solates, 32. 65% of Klebsiella pneumoniaisolates, 12. 92% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates and 2. 72% of E. coli isolates were multi drug resistance. In this study, no significant relationship was observed between the type of bacteria and the sex of patients (P <0. 05). Also, the mean age of patients based on the types of bacteria isolated did not show a significant difference (P <0. 05). Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance in our country is increasing like most countries in the world. Most of the information detailed around contamination rates, safe microorganism predominance, and the colonization are from seriously care units (ICU). The frequency of HAIs depends on numerous variables, counting therapeutic mediations, clinic variables, and individual characteristics. Patients conceded to seriously care units (ICUs) are especially helpless to HAIs and the horribleness of HAIs is higher within the I Us than other wards of the clinic, which are frequently extreme. Numerous research and reports suggest that the staff of intensive care units (ICUs) have a lot of challenges to control hospital infection. Bacteria rapidly become resistant if the conditions are right for them. Due to MDR bacterial infection in different wards of hospital especially in intensive care units, the periodic monitoring of the micro-organism type and their pattern of antibiotic resistance is very necessary and essential for managing the nosocomial infection. The reason for the difference in the statistics data obtained in this studies compared to other similar studies can be due to differences in the geographical and temporal location of studies. It is recommended that the rational use of antibiotic therapy in each hospital be evaluated separately. In this study, piperacillin and cefpime showed the highest pattern of resistance. These two antibiotics are common treatments for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Therefore, it is necessary to review experimental antibiotic therapy against a variety of infections in intensive care units, including Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP).

According to Alvan Feinstein, the world of clinical medicine faces two challenges of mensuration and quantification. An individual-level challenge called mensuration and a group-level challenge called quantification. Feinstein calls mensuration the process of converting clinical observations (observed phenomena) into primary raw data, which are expressed as numbers and digits. Then, he called the conversion of raw data into digits and numbers specific to groups, such as the average, quantification. Quantification also has group indices to describe physical symptoms and clinical phenomena. In many scientific disciplines, the extension metry/metrics has been used to represent works based on measurement or mensuration. Combined terms with this suffix were first used by Sir F. Galton for biometry about a century ago to represent the combination of statistical committees with biological knowledge. Biometrics gradually expanded into the realm of biology, and three areas of anthropometry, sociometry, and psychometric emerged. In addition to biological activities, the scope of metrics has been widely extended to other sciences such as econometrics, technometrics, cliometric, bibliometrics, and chemometrics. Therefore, the idea and name of clinimetric is not new. The cousins of the large metrics family have been waiting for the word clinimetrics for a long time, and they may wonder why clinicians and therapists joined them so late. To express people's height, scale data in centimeters or inches, to express gender, scale data such as men and women, and to classify the severity of the disease, scales such as mild, moderate and severe or +1, +2, +3 and. . . . were defined. All the scales and criteria used in mensuration are to describe the types of treatments so that the observed phenomena can be divided into specific categories and analyzed. Quantification occurs after collecting primary raw data and assigning it to categories to make comparisons between them. In the categorized raw data, indicators can be calculated for each group. The average as an indicator of the health status of severely ill men receiving a treatment is one of them. In a complete and comprehensive definition, clinimetrics is an indicator of clinical phenomena. It evaluates or describes clinical and laboratory signs, symptoms, and findings using scales, indicators, and other quantitative instruments. Clinical measurement can be divided into two types of activities. One of them is mensuration in which raw data is collected to label or group so that the observed phenomena. Mensuration means what determines the status of each individual to generate such variables and raw data such as "place of birth: Mashhad", "gender: female", "age: 42" and "functional status: level 4". Another type of clinical trial can be called quantification that involves the collection of raw data in a group and summarizing the group’, s characteristics, and sometimes a comparison is made between two or more groups. In quantification, it can be said that in a special group of 57 people, 81% of them were born in Mashhad, 56% were women and their average age was 46. 2 years and their average functional status was level 3. Then we can compare this group with another group of people to achieve the conclusion for quantification. Over the years, the term "clinical epidemiology" has been used to quantify and compare clinical phenomena. Hence, clinimetrics is limited to mensuration activities to distinguish between these two types of measurements. On the other hand, clinical epidemiology can be a subset of clinimetrics or vice versa clinimetrics subset of clinical epidemiology. With these limitations, clinimetrics can be related to indicators, rating scales, and other conditions that are defined to describe or measure physical signs and symptoms or overt clinical phenomena in clinical medicine. Although markers, indicators, and measurements are components of clinimetrics, the main focus of this branch of science is expanding on methodology for measurement to have the necessary application. This issue is related to the quality of measuring instruments and now there is more focus on the development process of instruments than their final format. Dr. Feinstein, known as the father of clinical epidemiology, dreamed of a new field, which he introduced as clinimetrics in the early 1980s and scientists like Henrica De. Wet, Per Bech and Paul Krabbe pursued his work. He wrote a book on Clinimetrics after writing a book on Clinical Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology. He published four consecutive articles in the journal Ann. Intern Medicine (September to December 1983) to emphasize the necessity of basic sciences in medicine as "clinical medicine". In the last of these articles, he introduced the field of clinimetrics and predicted the types of opposition to the establishment of this field. The concept of clinimetrics gradually took its place in the medical literature. Given his scientific background in mathematics, statistics and psychometrics, he now teaches clinimetrics at the VU University of the Netherlands and has begun a wide range of activities to promote it (www. clinimetrics. nl/). He and his colleagues believe that clinimetry and psychometry are two sides of a coin. However, people like Per Bech in his book "Clinical Psychometry-2012" consider clinical psychometry to be the same as "clinimetrics" in psychiatry. Paul Krabbe of the University of Groningen in the Netherlands has dedicated chapter 13 of his book to measuring health and health status to clinimetrics. Clinimetrics has been proposed in other sciences such as physiotherapy and rehabilitation sciences by Dekker et al. (2005). Soon courses on clinimetrics will begin in faculties that deal with patients and clinical sciences (such as rehabilitation, dentistry and medicine). Perhaps the best place to start this field is in the "basic sciences" group at medical universities, so that Dr. Feinstein's dream of making the field of clinical studies as a basic field comes true. It is hoped that the pioneering universities of medical sciences in the country will also contribute to the development of this field by understanding the necessity of establishing such a field as a basic and complementary field.