Journal of Community Development (Rural and Urban)
Year:2016 | Volume:7 | Issue:2 (13) |Papers Count:7

Iranian rural sociology literature, shows local social action is mainly based on political economic pillars of the system of power, wealth and means of production. In other words, in this discourse, rural life is clarified in categories of "government", "Earth", "Water" and "forms of exploitation. Although the explanatory value of these categories is in contrast to self-sufficiency sociology assumption, that means, "the analysis of the social with the other social fact", but let's see what the issues related to "the social" and what level of explanation to bear. The purpose of this paper is to show the importance of “ public places” in the social reproduction of life in local communities. Article by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the sociology of Durkheim and emphasis on post Durkheim sociological literature, introduces a form of sociological analysis called "self-sufficient and indigenous sociology" and escape from Durkheim reductionism. Self-sufficient Sociology, presents the new definition of "the social" and "right field" of sociology, a way to enter the categories of time, space, nature and the economy and juges about relationship between “ Locality” and “ community” . In this view, the confluence of mindness (beliefs and culture) and morphological structures and rural social location, are considered as foundations of creation and perpetuation of social action. This type of sociology, instead of stopping on the concepts of wealth, power and climate, focuses on the concept of " “ public places" as regulative elements of social action. Communities, places of worship, ritual, normative and exchange, are foundations of rural social action.

The management of village affairs, historically, until the path breaking plan of land reforms was affected by landholding and land ownership systems. This research aimed at studying the nature of village affairs management during landholding system, land ownership system, and the period after land reforms. The method used in this study is qualitative one, and the data is analyzed through thematic analysis technique and its validity is measured through validity-interpretive method. Identifying three major themes regarding the village affairs management, management-monopoly, and the centralization of management and the dispersion of management are among the significant Findings of this inquiry. During the reign of landholding system, a durable system for management of the villages' affairs didn’ t take shape due to the transitory of rulers, temporal use of the lands, and the temporal ownership of land among the court chosen individuals. The management of the villages' affairs during this period was based on monopoly management: controlling the Income through verities of tax collections, controlling the sources of the wealth through the landholding monopoly, and controlling the power through ultra-economic relations among land owners and the peasants. During "the land ownership, " the villages' management was under central management: Economic political and social procedures of the owner, administrative authority of the alderman, and the codification of government rules were among the major themes of central management over the villages. During the period after the land reforms and after the demise of the main pillar of villages' management (owner) and the decay the alderman's authority, the management began to find a multiple nature. The entry of the white revolution armies into the villages, the formation of the guild house, and also village co-ops and the formation of village council are among the major themes in this period. The finding of the research shows that the village's affairs management was under political coercion, economic-political coercion, and political-social coercion during landholding system, the land ownership, and the period after land reforms, respectively. Accordingly, the political coercion, the economic-political coercion, and political-social management led to the Monopoly of management, the centralization of management, and the dispersion of management of village's affairs, respectively.

Urbanization is regarded as one of the necessities of life in the present era. It is a social phenomenon that can pave the way for development and is itself a product of development. It is not the urban buildings and furniture that make up a city; rather, what makes up a city and gives it identity is the interactions among citizens and the sense of citizenship. A neighborhood is the smallest unit of urban organization. This study aims at redefining the concept of neighborhood in the minds of its residents. The method used was descriptive phenomenology. The population under study was Kan neighborhood in District 5 of Tehran, Iran. The number of interviewees was 32, and the theoretical saturation method was used in sampling. Moreover, concepts and theories from Putnam, Cooley, Lynch, Schwartz, and Rapoport were used. The analysis of the interviews revealed three main themes: granting identity, social capital, and subjectivity. A combination of these three themes makes up the definition of neighborhood in the minds of the residents of Kan neighborhood. The interpretation of data revealed that neighborhood is a phenomenon that cannot be considered merely in physical or abstract terms; there are non-physical factors essential in its identification and nature.

In this article, we assess the Mehr Housing Project carried out in the new city of Parand near Tehran in terms of the right to the city. The required information was collected in two periods— once in 2012 at the time of the first settlements in the project’ s housing units and another time in 2015 when most units were occupied. Field work for the study benefited from a qualitative approach— including observation, interviews with the project authorities, and interviews with residents, and a desk review of available documents. Findings indicate that provision of inexpensive shelter may not necessarily ensure equity, as housing ownership in this way may negatively impact residents’ right to the city. Among other things, employment opportunities may become scarce for the new communities. Iran’ s new Comprehensive Housing Plan calls for the replacement of Mehr Housing Project with new low-income housing initiatives. Yet, this change of path requires better insights into earlier experiences with the Mehr Housing Plan. Indeed, it is necessary that policy-makers take into consideration the need for side services and opportunities— including employment, education, healthcare, and urban services.

This study Trying to understand the problems that people in both urban and rural migrants face and analysis of their residence status and future decisions in order to improve the quality of their location in the city and also help to the villages to prevent and reduce rural-urban migration and contribute to social stability. The aim of this study rural migrants face similar problems in the village, but at a level lower than the problems that were are encountered. The research method, a combination of survey and questionnaire-based cross that field visit. And by using the Shannon entropy TOPSIS model and the findings of the study will be discussed. Research results suggest that that due to the fact that the main factors affecting rural migration to urban mamasani city Nurabad economic factors and lack of facilities in the city and villages. And these people have left their villages in the hope of having better amenities and are open to city Nurabad Nomads settled in neighborhoods such as the neighborhood in the category of deprived neighborhoods of the city with facilities and services. And in both of these people with the lowest level services in rural as well as urban areas have migrated to the city with the lowest service.

This reaserch utilizing Gap model evaluates Dehyaris’ services quality. To this end on the basis of theoretical principles and Dehyaris’ responsibilities 32 statements in behavioral, structural, social, economic and hygienic aspects was defined. The study area is 29 villages of Bonab County of East Azabaijan County (Iran). Population size consists of 14559 rural householders inhabited in mentioned villages and according to Cochran’ s formula sample size equal to 400 persons. Research instrument was rural householder’ s questionnaire that its validity approved by expert panel and Reliability confirmed via Cronbach’ s alpha (α > 0. 88-α > 0. 90 in all aspects). Findings revealed that in all mentioned aspect Deharys’ services quality was little and the gap between peasants’ expectations and perceptions especially in regard of economic aspect was greater than other dimensions. Also determined that between variables such as Dehyar’ s quality of behavior, his age and his participating in vocational education courses, with Deharys’ services quality in various aspects there is approvable positive correlation. Furthermore in regard of factors same as rural mayor’ s education level, his second job and type of his presence in village, significant differences can be seen in Deharys’ services quality. Finally items such as arranging coordination and cooperation between sectors and organizations, considering organizational behavior, experience, educational quality and vocational education factors put forwarded for improving rural municipalities’ services quality and increasing peasants’ satisfaction.

The status of women in Iranian society is closely related to modern developments. One of the aspects of change in the world of women is urban spaces of Female in city Tehran. This study examines the impact of urban spaces, Shahrbanou complex, on the world of women. These developments explain the changes in social opportunities (to improve leisure opportunities and empower of women), social norms (modernization of home duties and changing gender attitudes) and social spaces (representation of gender identity and formation of the Female Meeting place). This study was conducted to survey. The study population included all women using Shahrbanou complexes of Tehran(four districts) in 1390. The sample size was estimated based on the sample of 237 people. Sampling was used for multi-stage sampling. Results show changes in women's sexual and gender values and norms in terms of two concept of "women's bodies" and " women's mind” which in turn has caused a change in the "traditional world" in tend to "modern world". This development in terms of sociological (To interpret Tö nnies) is understandable moving from the "community" to "society". The components of the changes include: the formation of modern individualism among women, increasing skills and modern awareness among women and the development of social participation.