THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
Year:2015 | Volume:6 | Issue:19|Papers Count:6

Before the rise of Islam, a tradition was governing known by the Holy Quran as “the primary jahiliyya”. For some commentators, the word “primary” conveys existence of two types of jahiliyya including primary and secondary. To illustrate the mentioned viewpoint, by applying a content analysis method, present paper provides a response to the principal question on the factors of Jahiliyya`s Culture and its representations in the present era? The results of this study imply that there are some factors in jahiliyya`s culture such as false ideas about god, ignorantly-made judgments, prejudice and adornment. Since these factors are not limited to a specific geography or time, they can create jahiliyya`s culture in every place and time. Among its examples in contemporary societies, one can refer to racial discrimination, secularism, unfair judicial decrees and regulations, self-glorification and showing off adornment in public etc.

Designs have always had a particular position in respect to handicrafts including the inscribed works on the potteries of the ancient civilizations to the modern artifacts. In this regard, the comparative study of the designs of pulpits and the relations between them not only will cause identification of the value of these works but also will pave the way for conducting more research. This study intends to explicate the relation between the designs and patterns of Nain and Sorian Great Mosque’s pulpits made in the 8th century AH. The study has been conducted by a descriptive-comparative method and the data have been collected through library and survey methods. The findings of the study show that the general structure of the design and inscription of both pulpits follow the same pattern and in respect to arabesque, angelica (Khataie) and geometric designs, they have a common format. However they are different in terms of details of designs that could be ascribed to the style of the artists.

Applying an analytico-descriptive method, this research is an attempt to investigate the style of Imams` manner against false claimants of Mahdaviat. In response to the question on “how was the manner of the innocent Imams in dealing with false claimants of Mahdaviat”, this study emphasizes that their manner of opposition was a kind of “crisis management”. To deal with false claimants, Imams adopted decisions led to decrease of the process of claimants emergence followed by controlling and disposing them. In this regard, we are encountered with two types of phases including “disposal management in the prior phase” and “disposal management in posterior phase”. As for the next step of the study, the Imams’ strategies are investigated in each section. The studies conducted in this paper are considered as an introduction to answer the question what pattern shall be used against false claimants.

Investigating the techniques used by Ghafeqi in incising, cutting, and cauterizing in the book Almorshid is the main subject of this research. Detailed description of Ghafeqi from every disease shows clear and distinct recognition of different eye diseases. In surgery with transverse incision technique in eyelid diseases i.e. cornea and conjunctiva, two flaying and non-flaying methods were adopted as basis of his work. In the cutting method, the techniques used by Ghafeqi include abrasion, picking up and rolling up (eyelid processing). The technique he used in cauterizing is based upon the shape of the cautery including cauterizing by needle-shaped (pointed) cautery and lens-shaped (flat-headed) cautery. Educational path of this book is commenced from theoretical medicine and after pathology he has dealt with practical (experimental) medicine in which detailed description of using appropriate tools and emphasis on observing all precautionary principles in all stages of treatment largely corresponds to the modern methods of this science.

Women often had not a significant position in political history of Iran and their role in political environment was ineffective. However, in this regard, Mongol and Timurid eras are considered exceptions. Women in these periods played a significant role in political events among whom powerful, famous and memorable women were emerged. These women sometimes would enter into politics and militarism; sometimes they would organize conspiracy to put their children on the throne; and some other times they would intercede for asking forgiveness for the elites. Also, sometimes they would urge the rulers and princes to war and sometimes they would become the ambassadors of piece. A clear and documented image of women’s activities and roles in political changes in Timurid period is portrayed in this research while wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters of the Timurid rulers governing Iran territory are in focus and the wives of rulers and ministers of the Court who were not from Timurid dynasty and not being mentioned in resources as well as Indian Timurids are not within the scope of the research.

The book “Khorasan Conquests” written by Abolhasan Madaeni (135-225 AH)is among the most ancient works about the history of Khorasan. Although like other works of Madaeni and many historians of the early centuries AH we have not received a copy of this book, it seems that this book has not been overlooked by the historians of the next periods and probably some of its parts are quoted and maintained in the works of these writers. Considering this assumption, the author has adopted a library research to investigate the historical resources and many parts of these books have been carefully observed and extracted especially Tabari`s book “Tarikh Al-Omam, va Almoluk”. These extractions were compiled in form of 160 independent reports. Analyzing the content of these reports provides much information about narrators of Madaeni in this book, its beginning and end, its content and features, as well as its advantages.