THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
Year:2018 | Volume:9 | Issue:31 |Papers Count:6

In the era of Zand, many educational traditions of the religious institution of the Safavid period continued. However, Zand historians paid particular attention to the military-political events. Therefore, little attention was paid to the educational-cultural affairs, resulting in the necessity of carrying out research in this field. The present research seeks to find the answer to this question: in what features, the educational traditions of the religious institution of Iran continued in the Zand era? By studying some factors such as the method of family education and the role of the sophisticated families, it is estimated that the educational traditions of the religious institution played an important role in the continuation of the educational-cultural traditions of the country despite of the socio-political changes of the society. The present study implements a historical research method and the data is collected using the first hand historical sources. After describing and classifying the educational tradition, the author analyzes and interprets these features and their effects on the educational situation of the Zand period.

The migration of the Imams' households from their main land and their residence in different regions of Iran is one of the important events of Islamic history. It had cultural, social, political, and economic impacts and caused the spread of faith and safety among the people of the region. This paper, using a historical approach with a sociological method based on the theory of civilized Islam, seeks to investigate the security-making function of the Imams' households in Iran. Regarding the influence of the Shiite identity on the political behavior of the rulers of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as the kind of views and beliefs that the masses have towards the Imams' households, it seems that these tombstones play a role in the unity of the community on one hand, and with the rulers on the other hand. They also created the spirit of independence, which is a major indicator of the security. The findings revealed that Imams' households play an important role in the development and deepening of national security.

Historiography of early Islam has not been immune from the influence of religious motives, and the difference between the various theological religions is often reflected in their views of the events and personalities of early Islam. Some religions gain their legitimacy from this kind of look. Attitudes toward the third Caliph, Uthman, and the cause of his murder have been the source of wide disagreement among the Muslims. Meanwhile, History scholars, in spite of the great influence of their interests, have been working on scientific methods to study the incidents related to his murder and have become close to the reality and objectivity to some extent. A comparative study of the two contemporary looks, i. e. Arabic and Western, in order to explain this issue, is the subject of this paper. Taha Hossien, an Egyptian historian and a literary scholar and Martin Hendes, a western scholar, have tried to explain the caliphate's murder event with impartiality. Putting these two views in a double-pan balance scale and comparing the purpose, the method of research, the resources, the strength of the analysis, and their views make a remarkable difference between the two views.

Abū al-Qā sim Al-Zahrawi, a physician, a pharmacist and a major Islamic surgeon, is one of the Muslim physicians who referred to the field of dentistry in his medical work entitled "Kitab al-Tasrif". The author of the present article tries to descriptively and analytically study the perspectives and achievements of Al-Zahrawi in the field of dentistry, relying on his manuscript, to explain his role in the development of the dentistry knowledge. The findings indicate that he has considered prevention as a priority treatment and has some advices for the mouth and dental health. By describing the tissue, nerve and bone of the tooth, recognizing and diagnosing the symptoms of the disease, identifying the cause and treatment of the diseases, and introducing useful drugs, he contributed significantly to the development of the dentistry knowledge. In the field of practical medicine, by using some tools and methods of treatment, he made some innovations that had not previously been documented among the physicians. In addition to treating the diseases, Al-Zahrawi also noted the aesthetic aspect of the teeth.

The process of evolution in Ashura's epopees in recent decades has been studied by the scholars in the field of Ashura Research. One of the examples is the Karbala epopees. The present article seeks to address the role of the book entitled Asrar Al-Shahadah in the evolution of Ashura epopees. The data is collected using available document analytically. A comparative study is used between the Asrar Al-Shahadah and other ancient and historical sources. Based on the findings, the Ashura's epopees appeared in different forms in various sources. In some cases, small changes and in some others greater changes of the epopees could be observed. In this regard, the share of the Asrar Al-Shahadah was very prominent. With various changes in the text and in the number of the epopees, it led to the arrival of new epopees in various forms attributed to the real and the superstitious characters of Karbala.

The nature of power in the Qajar government, like other traditional Iranian rulers, has been based on the militant support of the tribes and the clans. The convergence with these forces was possible by kinship links through marriage. Here, the question is how the political role of the Qajar dynastic marriages could be studied in terms of their power. To investigate this, a case study of marriages of the Qajar rulers with the elders of local families and court agents has been used implementing a descriptive-analytical method. Research findings revealed that political marriage was one of the leverages used by the Qajar dynasty to control the local powers and political agents. The Qajar government has lacked acceptance and basic infrastructure for governing its dominant territory. In order to obtain these two criteria, they have established kinship ties.