EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
Year:2016 | Volume:5 | Issue:9|Papers Count:10

Landslide has caused great financial losses and casualties. Northern basins of Iran are prone to landslide occurrence and human interference also increased the risk of its large losses. In this study, landslide-prone areas were evaluated using Bivariate Weighted AHP model and Non-wighted LRNF model in Ziarat Watershed, Gloestan Province. The landslide distribution was prepared through the field surveys. According to literature review and watershed conditions four factors of distance from fault, distance from drainage, rainfall and geology, were selected as factors affecting landslide and hazard maps for five classes were prepared. The results showed that the bivariate statistical model assigned 4.4% of the area prone to severe landslide hazard, and 14.5% were located in very low hazard class. While, the non-weighted LNRF model explicates 14.6% of the area in high hazard, and 8.8% of the area assigned as very low hazard class. In order to compare the hazard classes the Density Ratio (DR) was calculated in both landslide hazard maps. According to the results, the hazard classes were increased in high-hazard levels. Thus, the employed models can determine the hazard classes in an acceptable manner. The validity of the bivariate weighted AHP model results were 0.81 and 0.96 based upon the quality sum (Qs) and the precision index (P) indices, respectively. Furthermore, the values of Qs and P were 0.27 and 0.89 for non-weighted LRNF model. Based on the results, the weighted AHP Model is introduced as superior.

Asalouyeh special economic zone, a collection of different plants, was established for the utilization of different oil and gas resources. The main objective of this paper is to present a probabilistic procedure to construct time-series, in Asalouyeh over the hard-rock site. Probabilistic seismic hazard procedure is compatible with the source-path and site reflecting the influence of different magnitude events at different distances that may occur during a specified time period. The peak ground acceleration is estimated to be 0.27g to 0.34g, for a return period of 475 and 2475 years, respectively. The disaggregation of the seismic hazard is carried out to identify hazard-dominating events. The relative contributions of the various sources to the total seismic hazard are determined as a function of their occurrence rates and their ground-motion potential. Finally, the stochastic finite-fault technique based on region-specific seismic parameters is used to generate time series of earthquake scenario. This technique which models source, path and site as a simple function is based upon the simulation of several small earthquakes as sub-events that comprise a large fault-rupture event. The disaggregation results show the probable events would be at distances up to 5 km, with magnitudes 5.85 and 6.75, for ground motion corresponds to 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, respectively. This indicates the use of stochastic models would be particularly important in generating synthetic ground motions for large events at close distances in Asalouyeh zone where such a recorded ground motion is rare.

Different aspects of efficiency in disaster management have direct relation to the coordination and cooperation in inter-organizational relations. In Iran, regardless of occurrence of different natural and man-made disasters, and their probability of occurrence, the analysis and due to consideration of inter-organisational relations has not been applied in either disaster management or urban planning and management procedures. The leakage of raw petroleum into Zayandehroud River in 2008 in Esfahan is discussed throughout this paper as a case study in which disaster management and emergency response required the widespread inter-organisational coordination among administrative organisations and their rapid reaction in disaster management. This paper has tried to trace the actors who were involved in such an emergency condition and their inter-organisational relations in order to prescribe more efficient inter-organizational relations. In order to achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytical and analytical-prescriptive research process has been adopted by using document review methods and content analysis of interviews to find the active organisations in this process, to find the causal and contextual factors and reach some conclusions regarding the varied forms of inter-organisational relations. The findings of this paper indicated first the actors involved throughout the process of disaster management (comprising key actor, non-key actors who were directly engaged, and the actors who were indirectly engaged), second the forms of inter-organisational relations in the process of managing the disaster known as “trade associations”, and third the underlying theoretical framework was found to be “the organisational learning approach” in addition to the “Institutional approach”. It is based on these findings that enhanced inter-organizational coordination and capability in response to such disasters can be conceived and prescribed.

Twenty-first century, the century of dramatic changes in confrontation with technological, social, political and economic than any organization is immune from the changes and events. Crises are part on the business environment and remove the crises that threaten the organization is impossible. On the other hand, adapt to the current situation, require expert man power for take more advantages of the opportunities were created. Human-resource management and crisis management have been important organizational issues that center of attention researchers in recent decades. One of the main requirements in the field of crisis management is the high level of readiness and capable manpower. In this article, link these two issues in the crisis-management headquarters in Tehran municipality, has been studied. In terms of classification, the objective of this study is practical-development, because its findings could be practical foundation in municipalities. The main research question is components of human resources to what extent the quality of the pillars of the effective crisis management system. Accordingly, due to the components of human resources in this field, some questions from experts in the form of a questionnaire have been designed within the five-point Likert and measuring these factors. The population of the research staff crisis management in 22 districts of Tehran Municipality. To test the hypothesis, the structural equation modeling method is used. Research findings show that at headquarters that the human resources management system is established, the crisis-management operations’ quality shows the better situation.

Earthquakes can make lots of disruptions in activities of a country. It can fail traffic system by disrupting communication system, disconnection of the supply chain of materials and emergency services. It also can make serious obstacles to safety of earthquake victims. This dangerous situation is because of narrow streets, constructing high-rise buildings in old urban segments, wrong positioning of tall building, constructing building in the seismic belts and path of the Qanats in Tehran. Thus, these factors increase congestion in large cities, damages and casualties because of earthquakes. The aim of this study is to assess the vulnerability of communication network in the urban area due to different seismic intensity. For this reason, ten effective criteria were selected and applied in ANP models within the fuzzy language. Then, selected GIS layer were combined for pre-disaster stage. In next session, forecasting model was implemented for different intensity as 6, 7, 8 modified Mercalli scale as a pre-disaster vulnerability plan. The results of study show that the vulnerability of pedestrian network in district 3 for 6 mercalli is around low and very low for 53 percentages of the area while the highest vulnerability was assigned to Seyed Khandan and North-Kavoosiyeh with 64%. In the scenario with intensity of & mercalli 53% of pathways were suffered from high vulnerability. In the scenario with 8 mercalli, the vulnerability of pathways in two states of high and full-destruction had been ascending trend. Around 80% of pathways are in these to states. The highest vulnerabilities were assigned to district number 6, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 4 according to their rates.

Today, GPS is as the most popular positioning system throughout the world but the weaknesses of this system such as natural and artificial atmospheric disturbances, being a target possibility of GPS satellites in space and etc., can disrupt infrastructure of global positioning. So Loran ground-based positioning system was introduced as augmentation system (under normal condition) or backup (in crisis). Various factors may affect on the accuracy improvement of the system. One of the most important parameters is envelope-to-cycle difference (ECD). This parameter indicates the time difference between carrier phases of loran related to timing origin of standard signal and determines at what locations; the signal will be zero. This parameter will have two advantages: (1) reduces the time to reach the receiver position, (2) by comparison with the standard zero point and zero crossing signal, will help to the receiver for verifying the received signal. In crisis situation, what particularly important, is achieving high-precision position in the shortest time possible so ECD determination is effective in reducing the time and increasing the accuracy of positioning. If this parameter is not specified correctly, causing the cycle error and cause the receiver to select the wrong cycle. This error may continue during the tracking signal and cause the error of distance-metry is a few thousand kilometers.

While Natural disasters occurred, human is unable to play any role in its occurrence while his life, and his social system become endanger. Different urban textures during natural disasters have a direct effect on capabilities of residents fleeing and finding of shelters, improving rescue services and facilitating reinforcements, reconstructing and providing temporary accommodation. In addition to historical and cultural value, worn urban textures are exposed to earthquakes for reasons such as lack of technical standards, their method of construction, inefficient urban networks more than other urban textures. Crisis management in cities, especially worn urban textures need to know the extent and distribution of vulnerability. In the present study, we have assessed the vulnerability of Minab worn textures against environmental hazards (earthquakes), with the descriptive-analytical method. We have also used effective indicators of physical, demographic and environment to identify vulnerable zones. Research findings show that 54 percent of the land in Minab worn textures are exposed to medium, high and very high vulnerability and located mainly around the center of the old city.

The aim of the present research is to prepare a conceptual framework for traditional defensive architecture of Tabriz in historical stages of restorations in destructive earthquake of 1779. After the earthquake, the anatomic totality of the city was destructed and the city lost most of its population and the life system was plagued in individual and collective scale wich is highlighted in this study. The native managing system was able to create a capable defense mechanism in order to protect the affected people harmed ones who wanted to continue life. In this circumstance safety management had turned to an important element in crisis management system. Although, the limitations raised by the crisis, had made the decision making difficult, however native management was able to take effective actions for the aim of according to the defense through recognizing, ordering and directing the financial and moral abilities in the environment. The importance of research subject is to understand how the new bulwark of the city was built in a condition that all known norms of the city had vanished. The present research is qualitative and is done in historical-interpretive method that attempts to respond following questions: A. What was the reason for necessity of planning and building the new bulwark. B. What were the principles of planning new bulwark?

Many Response operations are supposed to be occurred right after major disasters. Fatalities increase in the first periods of disasters. So time is a very critical factor in response operations. In these cases, artificial optimization methods can be used to manage response teams. These methods make these teams do their activities in a right time. In this paper, an improved vehicle routing problem is proposed based on special time window constraint. This constraint is called semi soft time window that uses survival function. Unless hard or soft time window, Semi soft time window models real time varying fatalities. The proposed model is solved with simulated annealing. The operation of this model is evaluated in two small and big randomly generated networks. The results are compared with both soft and hard time window. This led into this conclusion that the new approach can improve the percent of survived people more about 11.5 percent.

The city of Tehran as one of the largest and most important cities, due to the geographic location of this city on several active faults and historical records of these faults activities can be said to face a massive earthquake in the near future. Thus, the 9th district of Tehran municipality, is selected as the study area. In this research, Extended VIKOR model is used to assess and analyze vulnerabilities in the study area, considering different earthquake intensities. Standards for building materials, old buildings, number of floors, building quality, population density, consistent user and position the building blocks were used in the study. The results showed that housing Tehran Municipality's District 9 is vulnerable to earthquakes. So that seismic vulnerability zoning map shows, the vulnerability of the area low, medium, high and very high in the order of 120.64, 157, 61.68 and 117.88, respectively. The middle vulnerable class, with 42 percent for the area, and the most vulnerable class with 16 percent across the region 9 to have the highest and lowest extent. So it is necessary be considered urban management in areas with high and very high vulnerability to crisis-management approach.