JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TABRIZ)
Year:2002 | Volume:45 | Issue:183-184|Papers Count:14

This paper estimates food poverty line for urban and rural area of Eastern Azarbaijan province of Iran using Income and Expenditure Survey data for 1995. It also calculates some of the main poverty indexes. Using a Linear Expenditure System of demand, price and income elasticities for household main expenditure groups are estimated. Although the poverty gap index, traditionally provide an estimate of resources needed to eradicate poverty, the study of households consumption demand indicates that poor households often allocate a small fraction of their income to food expenditures. Therefore, eradication of food poverty is far more difficult and costly than the poverty in money term.

Ethnography as a scientific research method in human sciences with active participation of researcher in the field research aims to develop scientific knowledge of groups and cultures. Direct observation in natural sitting and evaluation of data in the context caused holistic view with high validity of ethnography research.The theoretical foundation of ethnography insists on culture based on holistic view and follows thick description through in-depth studies. This article argues theoretical foundation, methodological assumptions, research process and ultimately those positive and negative points in ethnography research.

The paper is a review on the life, personality and writing of AI-Junayd, the great mystic of the third A. H. Who is among the brightest figures of the history of the Islamic mysticism.In asceticism and virtue he was known as grand Sheikh among the Sufi circle, and he was respected greatly. He was faithful to Sufis secrets and is considered as one of the most confidant mystics.He worked hardly on the Sufie's fundamental theories. There are not much writing left from him, however, he is the kind of mystic which so many narratives has been attributed to him. He is know as the founder of the school of Baghdad. He is the first who worked on the Sufis Shathiiat particularly of Abu Yazid...So many devotees learned from his school. Hallaj, Shibli and Jurayri are among his students. Because of so many quotations and narratives which by the existing Sufies are attributed to him, he is known as the sublime language of the Sufies...

The Present research is aimed to review and compare self - esteem and academic achievement of students studying basis sciences and humanities in teacher training centers. Based on our hypothesis and posed questions, the researchers made use of correlation and surveying methods. The cases included 329 girls and 168 boys studying in the two above - mentioned fields. They were randomly selected applying both stratified random and cluster random techniques.In general the obtained results revealed a Sound correlation between the participants self - esteem and their academic achievements. Consequently, with a 99% confidence level, we do suggest that there is a valid and real correlation between the students, obtained scores in self - esteem and academic achievement test.Therefore, here the null- hypothesis is rejected, since the correlative coefficiecy proved to be positive and it is direct relation ship, in other words both variables are at the same direction. That is to say the higher the score in self - esteem, the more academic achievement score we expect. So in first hypothesis of the study is approved.No sound correlation was observed between the boys and the girls self - esteem, therefore the second hypothesis was rejected. The correlation between the boys and girls academic achievement was significant, and we noticed that the girl’s academic achievements were higher than those of the boys.

In direction to investigating the relationship between diurnal temporary separations with attachment formation and coming to existence of socio-behavioral problems of children with age groups between 4;0 - 4;11 years old, 208 mother-child pairs have been randomly selected from regions with middle socio-economical status in Teheran. The main study of this investigation was taken place on mother, child and teacher. Mothers have answered to preschool children's behavior checklist-parent's form (BCL) of McGuire and Richman (1986), children to separation Anxiety test (S.A.T) of slough (1988) and teachers to behavior checklist-teacher's form (PBCL) and preschool social competency scale of Levine (1969).The final results indicates that children who have diurnal separation and full time from their mother before in age 2;6 years old, are more prone insecure attachment and behavioral problems (from point of view of teachers not mothers) in comparison with their peers. There is no significant relationship between the kind of care (Kinship and daycare) with attachment pattern and the child’s socio-behavioral situation.

The religious beliefs of adolescence acquire solitary and fractional form while the religious viewpoints also become unsophisticated. It appears that in changing religious values, researches show that the promotion of age - related. Gallop's researches show that the promotion of formal and abstract thoughts among adolescence results in the broadening of their understanding about the nature of religion. in their views, adolescents demonstrate special interests toward the spiritual issues. These researchers also indicate the strong concerns of these youths to spiritual subjects. In none of the living stages the moral values and standards have been introduced to Man stronger than that in adolescence The progressive recognition abilities of adolescence draws their attention toward the values and moral issues and they find complicated ways to adjust themselves with them.In this article, firstly the important and the arrangement of adolescence from different views value precariousness, and the evolution and transformation of adolescence values have been studied analyzing various outcomes of researches, followed by the study of religious trends and the growth of religious concepts and finally the evolutionary process of religious beliefs At the end, some recommendations have been presented.

The rights, obligations and undertakings of persons are transferred to their inheritors. The inheritors are entitled to the deceased rights and responsible to fulfill the obligations of the testator except the personal obligations and those that are not transferable. The obligations of the testator during his lifetime arise form either statute or contract.According to article 231 of non- contentious code, the executory debt of deceased has to be paid immediately. Islamic law confirms this rule. The question is that if someone enter into a contract and then he passes away before fulfilling his obligation, does his obligations turn to be present? In this article, we suggest that an obligation arisen from contracts, specially the bilateral agreements, which time is an important matter in assessing the consideration, the inheritors shall fulfill the obligation within the period specified by the contract.

The theory of "globalization" has undoubtedly been one of the controversial themes of the social sciences in the 1990s.Although the effects of globalization are virtually undeniable, questions about the origins, diffusion and scope of the process are matters of intense debate among social scientists. Some theorists, such as Giddens, have looked for signs of globalisation even earlier than the Industrial Revolution and have argued that it was merely intensified during the twentieth century. Globalisation is also portrayed as a dialectical process in the sense that local events are influenced by other happenings taking place many miles away and versa. The globalization of time began, according to this point of view, with the diffusion of the great Christian festivals.The celebrations at the end of 1999, as the pivot of the Millennium, offer a valuable opportunity to test this particular conceptualization of "globalisation". In order to assess the concepts value, the impact of the world-wide Millennium ceremonies will be examined in Iran - a country that has undergone a highly distinctive process of development since the 1970s. The research conducted and reported in this paper reflects critically on the idea that time has become global. Using participant observation in private and public places, analyses of mass media contents and a survey of opinions among school students, the aim is to discover how far people in Iranian society are aware of, knowledgeable about, and involved in millennial celebrations, which, in theory, have no relevance to them.

Negotiation is a way of solving the international disputes and differences among the nations. Due to its importance, negotiation has been influential and accepted by the international Communities, The implementation of this method (negotiation) compare to other Juridical systems is sometimes the only way and Sometimes the pre - condition of solving the international conflicts. In spite of changes which have been Taken place in different diplomatic sections, this method (negotiation) has not seen that much changes at the present time compare to the past, meanwhile it has been taken in to Consideration more often. In order to investigate this issue it is worthwhile to take into consideration two factors: Common interests and problems which is stemmed from disputes. Based on the purposes of each side and the dependability of them to basic issues of the negotiation, the positive result of this method is confirmed. Within this process the negotiator must have precise and clear characteristics which will have influential effect in solving the internal conflict or disputes. Because of the mentioned importance of negotiation, its real value and importance must be discovered and also it regulations should be correctly implemented.

The purpose of this study is showing the overlapping and comorbidity between obsessive - compulsive symptomatology and anxiety, depression and cognitive component of schizotypy ; and also assessing the relative contribution of the index of cognitive signs of perceptual aberrations (cognitive component) , depression and anxiety (emotional component) to the prediction of obsessive - compulsive symptomatology. The sample consisted of psychiatric outpatients. These patients, with OCD diagnosis, were randomly selected from the outpatients psychiatric services at Tabriz - Mental Hospital and two private psychiatric clinics in Tabriz.The results showed that the clinical characteristics of the Iranian patients were consistent with nonlranian, and phenomenology of O-C in Iran is the same as that presented in nonIranian literatures. These findings show that cognitive signs of schizotypy showed statistically more significant correlations with all O-C subscales than to anxiety and depression, except the slowness subscale . It was realized that the best single predictor of O-C symptoms is cognitive signs of perceptual aberration (Cognitive component) with the addition of depression leading to a significant increase in prediction.

Making surveys on the roots and causes of civilization, some scholars have considered religion as a major cause for its formation and as its important element. This is because its impact on societies is undeniable. Therefore, any denial of this truth could be viewed as a kind of prejudice resulting from ignorance of historical evidences.In this essay, efforts have been made to discuss and clarify, from different points of view, the role of religion in the development and continuity of civilization in the light of established facts.Furthermore, the origin of religion and religious traditions has been carefully studied from anew angle which may be different from previous ones.