COMMONITY HEALTH
Year:2022 | Volume:9 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus has negative psychological consequences which could result in Resiliency, Self-Corruption, and Mindfulness of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of self-compassion therapy on resiliency, self-discrepancy, and mindfulness among patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: The study was of semi-experimental design with pre-test-posttest design, control group and follow-up. The statistical population of the study included people with diabetes who were referred to Bahlool Hospital, Fayyaz Hospital and Bialand Health Center in Gonabad city in 2018. As many as 60 patients were selected via simple random sampling method and were randomly categorized into experimental and control group of 30 patients. The educational intervention was performed in the experimental group, but there was no intervention in the control group. Measurement tools included a resiliency questionnaire, self-reporting questionnaire, and mindfulness questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using multivariate covariance analysis via SPSS software version. Results: The mean (SD) score of resiliency in the experimental group in the pre-test was 47. 7 (11. 8), which varied to 55. 8 (11. 3) in the post test and 56. 3 (11. 2) follow-up (P<0. 01), but the variation of mean (SD) difference of the control group in pre-test and post-test was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) of self-discrepancy in the pre-test was 9. 9 (12. 4) which was 85. 6 (12. 3) in the post-test and 85. 9 (12. 4) in the follow-up. However, the mean (SD) difference of self-regression in the control group in pre-test and post-test was not statistically significant. The mean (SD) of the mindfulness of the experimental group was 171. 2 (19. 7) in the pre-test, which increased to 189. 7 (20. 5) post-test and 190. 1 (20. 8) in the follow up (P<0. 01), but the mean (SD) difference of the knowledge of the control group in the pre-test and post-test was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The study showed that self-compassion therapy lead to an increase in vitality, mindfulness and reduction in self-discrepancy among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background and Objective: Psychological stress often raises blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Group Training Spiritually Multidimensional Psychotherapy (SMP) on stress syndromes among patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental research was conducted with participation of 60 patients with diabetes covered by the Mashhad Diabetes Foundation, who were selected by snowball sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group received spiritually multidimensional psychotherapy group training in 12 sessions of 90 minutes weekly. Before and after the intervention, the stress symptoms questionnaire was administered among both experimental and control groups. Data analysis was performed using single and multivariate covariance using SPSS software version 21. Results: The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 45 (8. 1), and control group 45. 3 (8. 3). In the experimental group, the mean (SD) cognitive stress score in the pre-test was 21. 5 (5. 4), which decreased to 13. 6 (5. 8) in the post-test (P<0. 001). In the control group, the mean (SD) cognitive stress score in the pre-test was 21. 8 (4. 7), which reached 21. 8 (4. 3) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) emotional stress score in the pre-test was 23. 8 (7. 1), and in the post-test, it decreased to 15. 8 (6. 6) (P<0. 001). In the control group, the mean (SD) emotional stress score in the pre-test was 23. 3 (6. 3), which reached 23. 5 (6. 1) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) behavioral stress score in the pre-test was 16. 2 (5. 1), which decreased to 11. 1 (5. 3) in the post-test (P<0. 001). In the control group, the mean (SD) of behavioral stress score in the pre-test was 17. 1 (4. 1), which reached 16. 4 (5. 7) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) physical stress score in the pre-test was 45. 9 (21. 4), and in the post-test, it decreased to 34. 2 (17. 5) (P<0. 001). In the control group, the mean (SD) physical stress score in the pre-test was 45. 5 (21. 7), which reached 45. 9 (18. 1) in the post-test. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) general stress score in the pre-test was 107. 3 (33. 6), and in the post-test, which decreased to 74. 1 (31. 4) (P<0. 001). In the control group, the mean (SD) of general stress score in the pre-test was 107. 7 (32. 3), which reached 107. 8 (27. 4) in the post-test. Conclusion: The study showed that spiritually multidimensional psychotherapy training reduced stress symptoms among patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background and Objective: Infidelity is a painful and complicated experience for couples. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of solution-based therapy on family functioning and couple burnout among women affected by spouse infidelity referred to counseling centers in Ahvaz. Materials and Methods: The research method was experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. Participants included 30 women affected by spouse infidelity referred to counseling centers in Ahvaz in 2019, selected by purposive sampling method, and divided into two experimental and control groups of 15 people. Family functioning and couple burnout questionnaires were used to collect data. Before the intervention, a pre-test was held, and the experimental group received six 120-minute solution-based therapies, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The post-test was then performed, and after one month of post-test, the follow-up period was performed. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis via SPSS software version 22. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 33. 7 (6. 3) in the experimental group and 31. 4 (5. 9) in the control group. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of family functioning increased from 128. 4 (17. 7) in the pre-test to 188. 5 (22. 8) in the post-test, and 192. 1 (23. 4) in the follow-up (P<0. 001). In the control group, it varied from 125. 4 (15. 3) in the pre-test to 124. 9 (15. 8) in the post-test, and 123. 7 (15. 5) in the follow-up, which was not significant. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) score of couple burnout decreased from 124. 0 (14. 6) in the pre-test to 61. 9 (8. 9) in the post-test and 58. 9 (9. 8) in the follow-up (P<0. 001). In the control group, it varied from 123. 5 (12. 5) in the pre-test to 124. 7 (12. 3) in the post-test, and 123. 8 (11. 4) in the follow-up, which was not significant. Conclusion: Solution-based therapy improved family functioning and reduced marital burnout among women affected by spouse infidelity referred to counseling centers in Ahvaz.

Background and Objective: Body deformity disorder (BDD) is one of the disorders of the obsessivecompulsive spectrum and includes intense and disturbing mental occupation with minor or visual defects in appearance. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on flexibility and perfectionism of physical appearance in body dysmorphic disorder. Materials and Methods: In a quasi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group, 30 female students with BDD studying at the Islamic Azad University of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from November to January 2017 were selected via convenience sampling method. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=15) underwent schematic therapy for eight weekly 90-minute sessions. The flexibility questionnaire and the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS) were collected in three baseline stages after quarterly intervention and follow-up. Data were entered in SPSS statistical software version 21 and analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance. Results: In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of cognitive flexibility increased from 26. 3 (7. 4) in the pre-test to 43. 5 (10. 2) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and 45. 8 (11. 7) in the follow-up phase, (P<0. 001). Also, in the experimental group, the mean (SD) perfectionism score decreased from 74. 5 (5. 4) in the pre-test to 34. 3 (6. 1) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and 49. 5 (5. 5) in the follow-up phase, (P<0. 001). In the control group, the scores of both variables in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up were not different. Conclusion: The study showed that schema therapy improved flexibility and decreased physical appearance perfectionism in students with body dysmorphic disorder.

Background and Objective: A perceptual perspective is one of the factors related to the normal functioning of family members, especially couples. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented and positive cognitive-behavioral therapies on self-perception and spouse-perception among married women referring to counseling centers in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was of a pre-test-post-test design with a control and follow-up group. Participants included 45 married women who had been referred to the counseling centers of the Cultural-Artistic Organization of Tehran Municipality in 2017-2018 in order to solve their marital problems, who were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into three groups, including two experimental groups and one control group. Data were collected via the self-perception scale and spouse-scale perception scale. The experimental groups underwent nine sessions of emotion-focused therapy, and eight sessions of positive cognitive-behavioral therapy, while no intervention was done for the control group. The pre-test was performed before the sessions began. At the end of the sessions, the post-test was performed, and after three months after the post-test period, a follow-up was performed. Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance using SPSS software version 25. Results: In the emotion-oriented treatment group, the mean (SD) score of comprehension perspective increased from 14. 2 (1. 4) in the pre-test to 22. 1 (1. 1) in the post-test, and 24. 1 (1. 2) in the follow-up period, P<0. 001. In the positive cognitive-behavioral therapy group, the mean (SD) score of comprehension perspective increased from 15. 2 (0. 1) in the pre-test to 25. 5 (0. 2) in the post-test, and 27. 4 (1. 9) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the emotion-focused treatment group, the mean (SD) of the spouse's comprehension perspective increased from 13. 9 (1. 1) in the pre-test to 21. 8 (0. 1) in the post-test, and 24. 1 (1. 2) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the positive cognitive-behavioral therapy group, the mean (SD) score of the spouse's comprehension perspective increased from 14. 4 (0. 7) in the pre-test to 25. 2 (2. 1) in the post-test, and 27. 4 (1. 1) in the follow-up, P<0. 001. In the control group, the scores of both variables in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up were not different. Positive cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than emotion-focused therapy in improving self-understanding (cognition and strategy) and spouse's understanding of vision (cognition and strategy) in post-test and this effectiveness lasted until follow-up. Conclusion: Emotion-oriented therapy and positive cognitive-behavioral therapy led to increased empathy and understanding among married women. Positive cognitive-behavioral therapy was more effective than emotion-focused therapy in improving self-understanding, and spouse's understanding of vision in post-test and this effectiveness lasted until follow-up.

Background and Objective: Elderly people experience feelings of sadness due to loss of social support, less participation in society and more isolation which leading to loneliness. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of illustration through information reprocessing and treatment of coherent reminiscence on feelings of loneliness, worry, hopefulness and quality of life of the elderly in Astaneh-ye-Ashrafieh. Materials and Methods: The research method was semi-experimental in control group with pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all people aged 60 years and over who residing in nursing homes located in Astaneh-ye Ashrafieh. A total 60 eligible subjects were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data collection tools were Pennsylvania Worry Questionnaire, Short Form of Health Context, Hopefulness Scale and Loneliness Questionnaire. Both experimental groups and control group were tested before and after intervention. Then, coherent reminiscence intervention was performed in six sessions and imagery intervention was performed through data processing through in seven sessions for experimental groups. At the end of the interventions, both experimental groups and control group were tested using the research tool. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22. 0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). Results: In the reminiscence group, the mean (SD) of hopefulness increased from 19. 5 (2. 1) in the pre-test to 28. 7 (1. 1) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase reached 30. 7 (1. 1) which, indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the illustration group, the mean (SD) of hopefulness increased from 19. 9 (1. 7) in the pre-test to 26. 4 (1. 1) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase to 28. 4 (1. 1), which indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the reminiscence group, the mean (SD) of quality of life increased from 63. 4 (1. 8) in the pre-test to 73. 3 (2. 9) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase 75 (1. 6), which indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the illustration group, the mean (SD) quality of life increased from 63. 3 (1. 4) in the pre-test to 73. 9 (1. 9) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase 75. 9 (1. 9), which shows that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the reminiscence group, the mean (SD) of feeling lonely decreased from 82. 4 (1. 5) in the pre-test to 72. 3 (2. 9) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase to 70 (2. 6) which indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the illustration group, the mean (SD) feeling of loneliness decreased from 82. 7 (1. 4) in the pre-test to 75. 6 (1. 6) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase 73. 6 (1. 5) which shows that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the reminiscence group, the mean (SD) of anxiety decreased from 52. 4 (1. 6) in the pre-test to 44. 7 (1. 7) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase to 42. 7 (1. 7), which indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the illustration group, the mean (SD) of concern decreased from 52. 8 (2. 3) in the pre-test to 40. 7 (1. 1) in the post-test (P<0. 001) and in the follow-up phase38. 7 (1. 1) which indicates that the effect of the intervention was stable (P<0. 001). In the control group, mean (SD) showed no difference in hopefulness, quality of life, loneliness and anxiety. Conclusion: The study showed that coherent reminiscence therapy was more effective than imagery through information reprocessing in increasing hopefulness and reducing the feeling of loneliness in the elderly. Imaging through information reprocessing was more effective in reducing the anxiety of the elderly than the coherent reminiscence therapy. However, there was no difference between the two interventions in terms of quality of life.

Background and Objective: High-risk behaviors are a threat to the health and well-being of adolescents and young people. The aim of this study was to design a model of structural relationships between basic psychological needs, Hexaco personality traits with high-risk behaviors with a mediating role of emotional creativity among students of Isfahan Azad Universities. Materials and Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted with the participation of students who studying in the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021 in Islamic Azad universities of Isfahan province. The sample size was 382 which were selected using cluster sampling method. Data were collected using demographic, Hexaco Personality Inventory, Emotional Creativity Inventory, Basic Psychological Needs Scale, and High-Risk Youth Behaviors questionnaires. Data were analyzed and modeling by SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 24. 0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA) and PLS version 3 software. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 25. 5 (10. 7) years. Adaptive personality traits (β, =-0. 46, t =7. 07), basic needs (β,=-0. 23, t =2. 59) and emotional creativity (β,=-0. 31, t=2. 46) were direct and negatively associated with high-risk behaviors among Students. Adaptive personality traits (β,=0. 34, t=3. 79) and basic psychological needs were direct and positively associated with emotional creativity (β, =0. 54, t=6. 41). Conclusion: The study showed that emotional creativity had a mediating role in relation to high-risk behaviors, hence that emotional creativity was reduced by a direct effect on hexaco adaptive personality traits and the basic psychological needs of high-risk behaviors.

Background and Objective: Difficulty in regulating emotions is often mentioned as a fundamental component of many behavioural disorders. Cognitive emotion regulation is a way of understanding how a person can organise one's attention and takes strategic and persuasive actions to solve problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cognitive emotion regulation training on reducing impulsivity and improving peer-relationship high school students in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: This study was of quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test and control groups. The statistical population of this study included all students of the first-grade secondary school in the District of Shiraz in 2020. This study was conducted with the participation of 40 high school students in Shiraz in 2020. Sampling was an available sampling method and randomly replaced in experimental and control groups. Data were collected using the Matson Social Skills Questionnaire. The experimental intervention included cognitive emotion regulation training based on the Grass model for eight two hours’,sessions. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22. 0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). Results: The mean (SD) age in the experimental group and in the control group were 16. 4 (0. 9), and 16. 5 (0. 9) respectively. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of impulsivity decreased from 29. 8 (6. 4) in the pre-test to 27. 6 (6. 1) in the post-test (P=0. 01). Also peer-relationship increased from 22. 6 (7. 0) in the pre-test to 24. 8 (5. 8) in the post-test (P =0. 04). However, In the control group, the mean (SD) scores of the study variables in pre-test and post-test were not different. Conclusion: The study showed that group cognition emotion regulation training reduced impulsivity and improved peer-relationship among students.

Following the tweet of the U. N. hunger agency chief, David Beasley that the 2% of Elon Musk’, s total worth would end world hunger, the feasibility of this idea is briefly evaluated. In our opinion, based on the present data, money aid or investments do not solve the world hunger problem due to several factors such as inequality and international trade rules. Hence, more fundamental solutions need to be proposed while having a fact-based worldview by looking up to countries with low food insecurity and relatively low resources.