JOURNAL OF FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (TABRIZ)
Year:2001 | Volume:44 | Issue:178-179|Papers Count:9

Beyond Guy de Maupassant’s particular interest in the element of water and watery, what forms the central point of the discussion in this study, is the distinction which he draws between salt water and fresh water (the sea and the river): from Maupassant’s point of view, salt water (the sea), despite its destructive tempests which could be terribly perilous and fatal, it is however honest, whereas fresh water (the river), despite its serene and lovely appearance, has terrible snares and traps hidden within it. Briefly speaking, salt water (the sea) and fresh water (the river) can be equally morbid with this major difference that the former does not conceal anything and kills Uloyally), whereas the latter is like a beautiful and deceptive little cat which hides its sharp, bleeding and gorish paws under a soft and velvet-like cover.

The meaning of concepts "apriori, necessary, evident, certainty" seem to be clear, however, their application in different situations and discussions of logic are varied. According to these different situations and discussions, their meanings change to some extent. In this paper, it is attempted to make these positions and different meanings clear.

This article investigates Allameh Tabatabai’s philosophical viewpoints in the field of ethics. These views are reflected in the "Almizan" and "Osule Phalsaphe" (the principles of philosophy). It tries to illustrate a comprehensive picture of this author’s views on the issue of ethics. The main topics discussed in paper are: - In vestigations of Almizan and Osule Phalsaphe in the field of ethics, - Ethics and epistemology, ontology, psychology, and sociology, - The three schools on ethics and their differences, - Ethical nature, - The problem of "goodness and ugliness" of God’s actions.

Written discourse contains a series of complicated processes which operate between the author and reader, although they might not seem to be overt. In fact, a written text is the realization of an interaction through which, despite the perceived space, the addresser and the addressee are involved in communicative actions and reactions, similar to what take place in oral interactions. The -difference is that in written communication the author has to create the communicative context within the text itself. Direct expression of ideas by an author rarely needs analysis; what is important is to see how he/she is able to present his/her intentions on a particular subject without employing overt linguistic resources. This, of course, requires an efficiency and skillfulness in the use of linguistic resources by the author. Discourse Analysis can offer some strategies to unmask the hidden meaning intended by an author. According to what was mentioned above, the main aim of this article is to identify the intentions of the speaker/writer lying behind the formal linguistic structures, by using the principles of modern Discourse Analysis. To do this, we have selected three short passages from a home newspaper, produced for election campaign purpose (the seventh Iranian presidential election). In this article an attempt has been made to illustrate how the author intentionally but indirectly tries to sympathize with only a particular candidate but not with others.

As the best means of knowing every author ar poet is their written works, in this paper an attempt has been made to both present an overall portray of Noor AI-Din Abd AI-Rahman Jami - the greatest poet and man of letters in the 9th Century A.H. and his heptad poem books, and to illustrate the flow of his thoughts and ideas on issues such as the Oneness of being, anthropomorphism and establishing transcendence of God, free will and fatalism and love. Some of his doctrinal and critical view points on different social classes will be based on the Seven- Thrones, analysed and represented. The study of the Seven- Thrones shows that Jami’s social status and magnanimity of taste prevented him from writing panegyric and flattery, which did not let him kowtow to the rich and authorities. This is one of his praiseworthy traits. Moreover, these poem books indicate his vast knowledge of different fields of the Qur’an, Hadith, philosophy, and mysticism, the topical and thorough analysis and survey of which will provide us with the depth of his thought, his extensive information and knowledge as well as the social and political conditions of his age.

During a total century (from 1901 to 1999) the Swedish Academy in charge of the execution of Alfred Nobel’s will did his, best in the difficult task of selecting the best writer and/or poet of the year. The present article, besides introducing the first and the last literary Nobel Prize Winner of the 20th Century, deals with some of the interesting and important problems the Swedish jury has always had with this hard mission.

The main purpose of this paper is to explore and investigate two different ways of learning second language (L2): 1. Instructed Second Language Acquisition and 2. Naturalistic Second Language Acquisition. A number of studies, addressing these issues and examining different theoretical positions, have been reviewed and explored in detail. The conclusion reached was that formal instruction facilitates and promotes acquisition. It was also found that learners who receive formal instruction outperform those who do not; that is, they learn more rapidly and they reach high levels of ultimate achievement. Implications would be discussed.