SPORT PHYSIOLOGY (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2016 | Volume:8 | Issue:31 |Papers Count:12

Results from meta-analyses focused on patients MetS are not conclusive because of no specifically focusing on the overall metabolic risk and papers published up to 2011.Therefore, this meta-analysis was determined the effect of aerobic training on overall metabolic syndrome z score and its indices MetS patients. RCTs and CTs that investigated the effect of, at least, 4 weeks aerobic training in adults with MetS, published in a peerreviewed journal up to 2015 were included. Primary outcome measure was MetS z score and the MetS factors were secondary outcomes. Random-and fixed-effect models were used for analyzing the data and the effect size were reported as standard difference in means and between 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity between trial results was tested with a standard Chi-squared (v2) test. A value for I2 [50% has been considered to be substantial heterogeneity. Eight trials were included to investigate about primary outcome, involving 561 participants (288 in aerobic training group and 273 in control group). MetS Z score had -0.33 standard deviation from mean. For secondary outcomes, standard deviation from their mean were -0.36 for FBS, 0.03 for HDL, -0.23 for MAP, -0.1 for TG and -0.40 for WC. Mild effect of aerobic training on overall MetS risk and most of the associated cardiovascular risk factors persists on clinical benefits of aerobic training in MetS patients. However, quantifying the effects of the aforementioned factors and other variables such as age, gender, race and training parameters in future metaanalyses could be applicative and useful.

Hormonal response to training is dependent on various factors. However, A few studies have examined the effects of plyometric training on hormonal changes. The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of different periodization of plyometric training on hormonal changes, muscle hypertrophy and leg muscles elastic property. For this, thirty six male athletes (age 21.58±2.64, height 174.42 ± 6.01, weight 69.05±9.68) volunteered to participate in this study. Pretest was including measurements of anthropometric variables, thigh muscles CSA, leg muscles elastic index and fasting blood sampling. Then, the participants divided into three training groups include traditional, Daily undulating and weekly undulating groups and one control group. The Training program performed in 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week.48 hours after the last training session posttest was performed. Intragroup changes analyzed by ANCOVA statistical method and LSD post hoc test. As well as, intergroup changes analyzed by paired t-test. The significant level set P˂0.05. The findings showed that daily undulating and weekly undulating periodization of plyometric training significantly improved resting concentration of testosterone, testosterone to cortisol ratio, and thigh muscles CSA than the pretest and control group.But traditional periodization of plyometric training only improved than the pretest. All three periodization models of plyometric training weren’t significant effect on leg muscles elastic index. According to the results and Percent change it seems that non-linear periodization of plyometric training has to more efficient than the traditional periodization in improvement of hormonal changes, anabolism status, muscle hypertrophy, and leg elastic muscles property.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different times under tension in eccentric phase of resistance exercise on delayed onset of muscle soreness markers.32 non-athletes men (with mean age of 21.71 ±2.88y, height of 175.21 ±5.42 cm, weight of 71.87 ±8.4 kg, BMI of 23.60 ±3.28 kg/m2 and body fat percent of 19.18 ±4.79) voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups, with ratios from concentric to eccentric were divided as a ratio of 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4 respectively.Parameters measured included serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and muscular pain perception. Indices were measured in the before, 24 and 48 hours after resistance exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance and ANOVA test were used to assess differences between the groups. The levels of creatine kinase and pain perception in all groups at 24 and 48 hours after resistance exercise had a significant increase (P£0.05). A significant difference between groups 1: 1 and 1: 2 with 1: 4 group was observed (P£0.05).In all groups Lactate dehydrogenase only had a significant increase at 24 hours after resistance exercise (P£0.05), but no significantly difference between groups was observed.This study showed that increase in the time under tension as ratio 1 to 4 (slow tempo) can increase muscle damage and DOMS.

Epidemiologic studies have linked exposure to fine Particulate matter air Pollution to broad cause-of-death mortality. In fact, there is no doubt that Regular Aerobic Exercise promotes a range of Physiological changes that Correlate with decreased Morbidity. However, the Effects of long-term Aerobic exercise on the heart Response to PM10 have not been investigated. The present study Evaluated the effect of aerobic Exercise on the heart Inflammatory status of rat Exposed to PM10 Carbon black. In this Research twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (Age: 8 weeks & Weight: 279.29±26.97 g) were divided to 4 groups: A: control (without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise; n=6), B: aerobic Exercise (five times per week for 4 weeks; n=6), C: exposure to PM10 carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat; n=6), D: and aerobic Exercise Concomitantly with Exposure to PM10 carbon black (n=6). The gene Expression of TLR4 and IL-1b were Analyzed in heart tissue by Real-Time PCR. In order to determine the significant Differences between groups, two-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc were used. It was found that aerobic Exercise inhibited the PM10 -induced increase in the gene expression of IL-1b. But compared with control group, gene Expression of IL-1b Significantly increased only in C group (P=0.046). We Conclude that four-week Exposure to PM10 carbon black Significantly increase IL-1β in Heart tissue and this situation did not worsen by Aerobic Exercise. Our Results indicate a need for human studies that evaluate the heart responses to aerobic Exercise Chronically performed in Polluted areas.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistant training and Silybum Maryanum plant extract consumption on plasma leptin and adiponectin in overweight men.In this quasi-experimental research a sample of 36 male subjects with overweight (BMI: 27.15±1.1 kg/m2, age: 24.1±2.1year) were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Resistance training (N=9), Silybum Maryanum extract consumption (N=9), the resistant training+ Silybum Maryanum extract consumption (N=9) and placebo group (N=9). The resistance training was included of bench press, crunch, back extension, lat pull, knee flexion, sit ups and overhead press and the daily consumption of 120mg Silybum Maryanum extract were completed during 8 weeks. Fasting plasma glucose, leptin and adiponectin levels were measured 48 h before and after the training period. ANCOVA and bonferoney were used for analysis variables data by SPSS version 16 software. After 8 weeks, the results showed that the plasma Leptin levels no changes in the 4 groups. The plasma adiponectin levels, although were not changes in the Silybum Maryanum extract consumption group, were increased significantly in the resistance training and resistance training+Silybum Maryanum extract consumption groups compared to the placebo group. According to the results of this study, we conclude that 8 weeks Silybum Maryanum extract consumption and resistance training don’t effect on plasma leptin levels, but resistant training combined or without Silybum Maryanum extract consumption increase plasma adiponectin levels in overweight young men. The daily consumption of Silybum Maryanum extract 120mg, despite improvements in blood glucose, don’t effect on the plasma adipokine levels in overweight men and might dosage of the supplement to be effective in achieving this result. In this regard, more studies need to be done.

The purpose of this study was the effect of eighteen weeks’ endurance training and highfat diet on body weight and amylin plasma levels of male Wistar rats. In order to, 24 young male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=8) includes base, control (C) and endurance training (ET) groups in age range 50 to 60 days and average weight 160±10 gr. The ET group rats run on treadmill without slope by 5 day/week, per session 15-65 min, 15-30 m/min velocity for eighteen weeks (incremental). Base group used for initial sampling and C group no train for eighteen weeks. High fat diet was included 60% fat, 24% CHO and 16% protein available two groups; C and ET. Blood sampling was conducted after latest training session with 12h fasting. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA and Tukey Post-Hoc tests (P<0.05). Data showed that the amylin levels was significantly higher in ET than base groups (P<0.0001). The amylin levels were significantly lower in training than control (no train) group (P<0.0001) and this value was no difference significant in ET than base group (P=0.47). On based of the Lee’s index the body weight was in the area of obesity in control group. The rats' body weight was significantly lower in ET than control group (P<0.0001). Therefore, ingestion of chronic high fat diet leads to the obesity and hyperamylinemia and adding a program of endurance training into this diet prevents with this condition.

The aim of the present study was investigation of the effects of 6 weeks decreased activity in the form of neuropathic pain on Sunday Driver gene expression in the rat sciatic nerve fibers. Ten adult male Wistar rats in the weight range of 250±30 gr randomly was divided into two groups including healthy control (C), ligation sciatic nerve ligation (SNL). Over the six weeks, neuropathic pain behavior tests were conducted continually in groups. In the end, change of SYD gene expression in sciatic nerve was measured with Real time technique and calculated using the 2-DDCT method and t-test. One- way ANOVA that shown neuropathic pain behavior tests showed that pain threshold of thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in the SNL group was significantly lower than the control group (P£0.05). In addition, SYD gene expression in sciatic nerve ligation group compared to controls increased significantly (P£0.05).The findings of this study suggest that the development of neuropathic pain and decreased physical activity is associated with increased SYD gene expression. This increase is probably related to the nerve damage and impairment of axonal transport in SNL.

The purpose of Present study was to investigate the effect of Preparation Periods and matches on platelet indexes, Fibrinogen and CRP in soccer Professional players. For this reason, 10 football players from Sanaat Nafte Abadan (age, 22.5±7 years; weight, 71±4 kg; height 178.5±4.5 cm; BMI, 22.2±0.4 kg/m2) Participated of the study. The Subjects Completed a season of Preparation periods in soccer matches which lasts about 10 months.Blood samples were taken in four phases, before the Preparation season, after the preparation season, during the Season break and after the Season, to measure platelet indexes, fibrinogen and CRP. To compare parameter Averages, a Repeated ANOVA was used. Training period led to significant (P<0.05) changes PLT, PCT and MPV, whereas, it did not influence on fibrinogen and CRP. According to the findings of this study, the training Period leads to a decline in thrombosis and Decreases the chances of heart attacks in soccer players.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selected wrestling exercise with Larginine supplementation on response of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin in elite wrestlers. In this practical and semi experimental study, 20 elite wrestlers (age: 21.13± 2.47 years and BMI: 24.14±1.71 kg.m-2) were selected by convenience sampling method and they were randomly assigned into supplement (n=10) and placebo (n=10) groups. During the study, both groups were at the end of general preparatory phase and they are alike participated in a special wrestling training program and at the same time supplementation and placebo groups for 14 days were used daily 0.1 g.kg-1 respectively taking l-arginine and placebo. Serum levels of VEGF and endostatin levels of all subjects before and after the training period were measured by ELISA methods. Serum VEGF and endostatin levels (blood sample 3cc) were measured by ELISA methods, and the results were analyzed by SPSS at the significant level (P<0.05).There was a significant increase in the levels of VEGF and VEGF to endostatin ratio in supplementation group compared to placebo (P£0.05). However, there was no significant change in the levels of endostatin (P³0.05). It’s seems that specific wrestling training with L-arginine consuming together, could possibly cause more stimulation of the process of angiogenesis in wrestlers.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of eight weeks aerobic training and omega-3 supplement intake on phosphorylated Tau protein in the hippocampus of Alzheimer induced rats with homocysteine. For this purpose, 60 Wistar male rats (twelve-weeks-old and weight 222.31・} 11.91 g), divided into six groups, including: Alzheimer’s rat+Omega-3, Alzheimer’s rat+training, Alzheimer’s rat+training+ Omega-3, healthy control rat, control sham and Alzheimer’s control rat. Alzheimer' s disease induced by injection of homocysteine (60mM) into the rat brain ventricle.Training with a speed of 20 m/min (60 minutes at each session and five days a week on the treadmill) was applied. The supplement group, was received Omega-3 supplement 800mg/kg of body weight, daily for eight weeks. Level of phosphorylated tau protein measured using ELISA method. In data analysis, a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test as a post hoc, were used (P<0.05). The obtained results showed that the level of phosphorylated Tau protein in hippocampus of Alzheimer's rat+training, Alzheimer’s+Omega-3 and healthy control, were lower than the Alzheimer’s control group (P value 0.03, 0.01 and 0.003 respectively). In addition, there was no significant difference level of phosphorylated tau protein in hippocampus of Alzheimer’s+training +Omega-3 and the control group (P=0.34). It seems that aerobic training and omega-3 supplement, both can be reduced independently phosphorylated tau protein in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's rats and simultaneous use of the two methods, ameliorates the effect each of these interventions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of physical and sexual maturation and anthropometric factors on anaerobic power development in 10-18 years old boys. One hundred seventy subjects (16 – 27 subjects from each age ranges of 11-18 years) were participated in this study in two separated sessions. The first session was included the anthropometric measurements and determination of sexual maturation by TANNER scale. In the second session, salivary samples were collected for testosterone measurement and anaerobic power was measured by Wingate test. The differences between age ranges were determined by ANOVA, the relationship between each predictive variable and anaerobic power was determined by second order semi-partial correlation, and multiple analysis of regression was conducted to determine the relative contribution of predictive variables in anaerobic power development. There was a significant difference between age ranges for the relative values of peak and mean anaerobic power (P<0.01). Significant correlations were found between salivary testosterone (r=0.42) and lean body mass (LBM) (r=0.38) with the relative peak anaerobic power. There was also a significant correlation between salivary testosterone (r=0.38) and LBM (r=0.37) with the relative mean anaerobic power. Frothy-seven percent of variance of anaerobic power was predictable by salivary testosterone and LBM. In summary, our results showed that sexual maturation has an important role in significant increase of anaerobic power after the age of fifteen.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined training and green tea supplementation on concentrations of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin plasma in overweight men. 24 sedentary overweight men (36.35±5.03 years) were randomly divided into three groups: 1- supplement green tea+combined training, 2-placebo+combined training, 3-green tea supplement. The first and third groups were consumed one capsule (500mg) per day green tea supplements and the second group one capsule of starch supplements per day for 10 weeks. First and second groups began combined training (resistance training 60-75% one repetition maximum and 20 minutes of aerobic exercise intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate) for 10 weeks (three times a week and 2 hours a day). Blood samples were collected before and after supplementation and combined training to determine concentrations of testosterone and SH-BG plasma.Data was analyzed using ANOVA test (P£0.05). Results Show that after 10 weeks of combined training were not significantly changes in the Concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone and SH-BG plasma. Furthermore, no significant change in the Concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone and SH-BG plasma, after taking green tea supplements was not found. Results of this study showed that 10 weeks combined training and green tea consumption didn’t effect on the Concentrations of total testosterone, free testosterone and SH-BG plasma. With regard to the efficacy of many herbal supplements may appear after prolonged use, it is recommended that next studies assess the effect of prolonged use of this plant.