Financial Economics
Year:2019 | Volume:12 | Issue:45 |Papers Count:10

Unlike case of currency crises, construction of a time series index to identify banking crisis episodes is highly difficult, particularly because of the lack of reliable data on banking sector variables such as the level of non− performing loans. Accordingly, existing methods used to pinpoint banking crisis years are generally event− based. These methods due to the use of events such as closures, mergers, runs on financial institutions, and government emergency measures may suffer from selection bias. For this purpose, This paper uses seasonally time series data of Iran during 1381: 1-1394: 4 for construction the banking sector fragility index (BSFI) to measure the levels of fragility and risk-taking within the Iranian banking sector. The BSFI identified three main episodes of excessive risk-taking and two periods of high fragility over the study period. Two periods of high fragility in the banking sector resulted in banking sector difficulties in 2001 and 2009 respectively, mainly attributed to shocks emanating from the electoral cycle. Overall, the BSFI seems to be highly useful in measurement and monitoring of banking sector fragility.

Today, pharmacy is known as a strategic and knowledgeable industry. Stock prices are determined by the growth of future expectations, since innovation is a key to the firm growth so they can be related to each other. Using EGARCH model according to the heterogeneity variance and advantages of panel data model such as higher freedom degree, controlling the effect of removed or unrecognized variables, we are looking at the relationship between innovation and volatility of stock returns during 2011-2016. Results show that independent variables such as innovation, market volatility, exchange rate and liquidity ratio have positive effect but financial leverage has negative effect on stock return volatility as dependent variable.

This study evaluates the performance of risk-based portfolios under different market conditions. We compare four strategies, namely, the equally weighted portfolio (EW), the global minimum variance portfolio (GMV), the most diversified portfolio (MDP) and the equal risk contribution portfolio (ERC) for the 2009-2016 period and 30 top companies of the stock exchange. No single strategy consistently dominates the others, under different market conditions. As expected, the GMV has the least downside risk. Although there is no clear winner among the risk-based portfolios, there is evidence that they generally outperform the market capitalization based portfolio. These strategies are also compared with market index as market capitalization and the most popular way of making the portfolio. To achieve this goal, the portfolios of the portfoliosortinoand omega are used, as well as the difference between Sharpe ratios each of the risk-based portfolios with Sharpe ratio of the market index. To evaluate the adverse risk of strategy risk measurement measures such as VaR and CVaR were used. The results show that the GMV model has the least adverse risk among strategies.

This study has attempted to calculate the optimal hedge ratio for investment in the stock market by investing in the gold market, with VAR-DCC-GARCH approach. To calculate this ratio, we used the daily price of gold coins and the price index of Tehran stock market during the period of April 2, 2009 to March 18, 2017 in Iran. The results obtained from the optimal dynamics hedge ratio showed that this ratio has increased during the period from 2009 to 2013, and decreased during the period from 2013 to 2016, and a change in the regime has observed during the whole period. Optimality, dictates that investors should invest in gold market and consider gold as an item together with stock assets in their portfolio in order to cover the risk of investing in the stock market.

The proper management of liquidity, the ability to raise funds and timely fulfillment of obligations, is a prerequisite for the survival of banks. Proper liquidity management can reduce the likelihood of serious banking problems. Indeed, given that liquidity shortage in a bank can result in widespread systemic consequences, the importance of liquidity for each bank is beyond any other issue. In addition, banks should always monitor their assets and liabilities strictly in order to increase the profitability of the banks and manage the liquidity from banking operations in the best possible way as well. Estimated Maturity of asset-liability gap in future periods is one of the key measures in the direction of optimal liquidity management and identifying the potential of the bank against any deficits in the leading one. In this paper, the asset-liability gap is calculated based on two adaptive-neuro-fuzzy models and long-term memory modeling (ARFIMA) modeling. The results of the research show that, the accuracy of both models in the prediction of the dynamic gap has been high. However, the results of modeling applying a long-term memory pattern show higher accuracy in this regard. Thus banks can assess the long-term position of the asset-liability gap and identify the amount of their surplus liquidity resources using this template.

Today, in most countries, micro-credit is a good way to create new employment opportunities, tackle poverty, and enabling people in low-income countries. This research studies the effects of microcredit policies on income distribution for two groups of high-income per capita households (12 provinces) and provinces with low per capita income (18 provinces) during the period from 1387 to 1392 by panel data model. The results of the model show that in provinces with low per capita income, increase in the growth rate of microfinance grants, GDP growth rate, economic participation rate, household income per capita growth rate, and growth rate of expenditures, improve the distribution of income. But rising inflation will increase inequality. In the model of high per capita households, increasing economic participation rates, the growth rate of cost credits, the growth rate of microfinance have led to an increase in income distribution disparities and household income per capita growth rate and GDP per capita growth rate improves distribution. Adopting micro-credit policies in high-income provinces will worsen distribution of income, and in lower-income provinces, income distribution will be improved.

Economic sanctions have been targeting different economic areas in recent years, and they are increasing their influence each day to further change the economic relations of governments. Insurers have also faced severe economic sanctions these days. Economic sanctions increase inflation and disrupt the circulation of money. Inflation is a steady increase in the general level of prices of goods and services, which ultimately leads to a reduction in purchasing power and economic turmoil. In most countries, today the issue of inflation is one of the most important economic issues. Inflation, when exceeded in the economy, is affecting the financial relationships between individuals and companies. The insurance industry is not immune from the effects of various inflationary conditions, due to its extensive communication with other sectors of the economy and society. Also, some of the issues in the country cause problems in the transfer of monetary affairs, which also affects the insurance industry. As a result, the cooperation of domestic and foreign insurers decreases, and due to the problem of opening letter of credit, it is difficult to accept the risk of other party banks in the field of foreign trade. Also, the activities of domestic insurance companies in the international arena and reinsurance acceptance or investment will not be easy as before. In this regard, in this research, we are going to examine the effects of inflation and the problems of transferring money to the insurance industry. Certainly, it's not possible to examine these effects on the insurance industry in general. So we examine separately the different areas of insurance that are affected.

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between financial development, economic growth, and energy consumption in a group of developing countries during 2001-2016. For the attainment of this aim, the effect of economic growth on energy consumption was studied using the system-generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation technique in two equations simultaneously. In addition, the other variables affecting economic growth such as financial development, investment, government size, trade openness and some more affecting factors on the energy consumption including energy prices and urbanization were studied. The results indicate the negative impact of economic growth on energy consumption and vice versa, (economic growth is negatively affected with energy consumption). Financial development also has a positive impact on energy consumption via the economic growth channel. Urbanization and energy price positively and negatively influence energy consumption, respectively. Trade openness has a negative effect on economic growth, as well as investment and government size positively affect the economic growth.

The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects electronic means of payment on inflation and velocity of money using time series data analysis during the period from 2006 to 2013. To this end, a model was estimated for the inflation and the velocity of money using (3SLS) Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM). The results of the study indicated that an increase in the number of ATMs and point of sale (POS) electronic instruments increases the velocity of money and inflation.

The growth and development of each country depends on targeted and managedinvestment. One of the most important sectors of the Iran economy is the oil industry, which continuously needs basic investments, in order to continue to operate in line with domestic and international economic conditions. It is clear that investment also requires financing and the use of appropriate tools. The debt market is one of the most important and most effective components of modern economic and financial systems, so that it can be argued that both the economic theory and the experience of the various developed and developing countries in the last few decades indicate that the achieving to a dynamic, deep and efficient financial systemis not fundamentally possible without a healthy debt market with proper operation and adequate depth. Considering the conditions in Iran that need to pay enough attention to bonds on the one hand and support the country's revenue-generating artery (energy sales) on the other hand, directing the source of funds to oil industry projects should be the focus of attention in order tostrength the sources of productive power and wealth of the country by developing such resourcesBy using a library-descriptive method, this paper attempts to map out the appropriate financing solution for oil industry projects. One of the tools for financing in the debt market is the use of Islamic treasury bills. In this research, the use of Islamic treasury bills for the financing of oil industry projects has been outlined. The results show that using the graphic method of this research helps to reduce the amount bonds.