Financial Economics
Year:2019 | Volume:13 | Issue:46 |Papers Count:10

Taking into account the theoretical issues of the subject, the empirical studies carried out and the economic structure of Iran and by using the STAR method as well as the seasonal data collected during 2006-2017, the present study compares the effects of real variables (the difference between the official and unofficial US dollar rates, the land price index for Tehran, and the volume of official and unofficial imports), and monetary-financial variables (banks debt to the central bank, time deposits and non performing loans) on the deposits interest rate In based on the theory of simultaneous Endogenous money and interest rate in the economy, which has been raised in the studies of some of the structuralist post Keynesian. The results indicate that despite the policymakers passivity in the period from 2006 to the first half of 2012, the variables related to the land price index, the time deposits volume, and the volume of official and unofficial imports are meaningful and have a positive effect on the deposits interest rate, which shows that the speculative motive of banks and the customers play a significant role in the high interest rates. However, in the second half of 2012 to 2017, the independent variables qualities of being meaningful and having a positive effect on the deposits interest rate are more caused by the financial distress of banks and less caused by the speculative motive of banks as well as the customers

The indices of stock market are one of the most important factors affecting the decisions of investors in financial markets. Most investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange pay attention to TEIPX index, which includes all companies is listed to the stock exchange. This study introduces a new index using a complex network method. Complex networks provide price correlation in stock market and thus creating a better understanding of market performance for investors. In this study, the stock market network with data from 246 stocks of Tehran Stock Exchange during the first trading day of March 2016 to the last trading day of March 2017 was created, in which the WTA approach was used to connect two nodes or stocks. The results of the degree distribution of the stock market network indicate that the stock market network of Tehran Stock Exchange is a scalefree network, which clearly shows that stock market price changes are highly influenced by a relatively small number of stocks. Hence, by using the complex networks analysis in stock market, a new index based on the degree and the inclusion of selected stocks is presented and compared with the TEPIX index. According to the results, the new index has a significant correlation with the TEPIX index and can reflect well stock market behavior.

Financial development is one of the main factors behind the reduction of the underground economy with the requirements for economic activities, as well as by granting concessions to borrowers. In this research, a TVP-FAVAR model was designed to investigate the effect of financial development on the underground economy of Iran. For this purpose, time series data from 1350 to 1394 and two tools of instantaneous and cumulative reaction functions have been used. The results of this study indicate that the dynamics of underground economy is declining in response to shock as a standard deviation in financial development and growth of gross domestic product, and is driven by liquidity fluctuations, tax revenues and exchange rates. Accordingly, the proposal is to apply policies to increase financial development and to reduce the underground economy than the formal economy by using a reform of the banking system, including anti-money-laundering guidelines and financial and tax incentives.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of capital structure on the profitability of companies in Southeast Asia based on threshold panel regression approach. In this study, 1474 companies from three countries of Southeast Asia (including Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) were investigated during the period of 2008-2017. In this research Hansen's threshold regression model was employed and the effects of debt ratio on different thresholds were studied, and two models were used to determine the optimal capital structure. In the first model, the relationship between independent variables (fixed assets, profitability, current ratio, size, non-debt tax shield, company growth and inflation) and the structure of the firm was investigated and analyzed. The results showed that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between fixed assets and size of the company and the capital structure, while profitability, current ratio, non-tax liability, company growth, and inflation showed negative relationship with the capital structure. In the second model, a threshold regression model was used to examine whether the financial leverage had an impact on the value of the companies in the countries of Southeast Asia. It was found that the F statistic for the effects of a single threshold with a F1 statistic was 161. 38 and p-value = 0. 000 is accepted at 95% confidence level. Furthermore, double threshold effects with a F2 statistic of 36. 32 and p-value = 0. 000 obtained using bootstrap replication at 95% confidence level was significant, thus in the case of companies from Southeast Asia the existence two thresholds was strongly confirmed. As a result, companies with a debt ratio in the one regime (DR1≤ 13%) have a significant effect on profitability and have a working value of 0. 082, and companies with debt ratio in the two regime (DR2≤ 33%> 13%) have a significant effect on profits and have a greater impact on the company's profitability than the one regime, with an effect of 0. 13. Finally, companies whose debt ratios are within the 3rd regime (33% DR3≥ ) there is a significant and negative effect on the profitability of the company, which is approximately-0. 11.

Financial integration is the process through which the financial markets of two or more countries or regions becomes more inter-connected to each other. This process can take many forms, including cross-border capital flows, foreign participation in domestic markets, sharing of information and practices among financial institutions, and unification of market infrastructures. Financial integration can have a regional or global dimension, depending on whether a country’ s financial market is more closely linked to neighboring countries or to global financial centers/institutions. This paper examines the scope for further global and regional financial integration in OPEC countries in the period of 2005 to 2017, based on economic fundamentals and comparisons with emerging regions, and quantifies the potential macroeconomic gains that such integration could bring. By using Philips and Sul model, which uses a nonlinear time-varying factor model, this paper provides a comprehensive picture of the financial systems within OPEC by testing the convergence of their capital markets together with their Stock Traded Value (% GDP) and money markets with Lending Interest Rate and Deposit Interest Rate. The empirical findings show that the OPEC financial markets do not form a homogenous convergence club. The striking divergence revealed by our analysis emphasizes the different levels of development within the OPEC financial markets. Furthermore, Iran has convergence with Venezuela, Iraq and Nigeria in money market because of their similar economic structure such as their banks efficiency. Iran also has integrations with Emirate and Saudi Arabia in capital market dueto the relation between voality in oil price and value of their stock markets in the period of the research.

The important functions of the financial system, access to liquidity, allocation of resource and risk management and their performance has a significant impact on the stability or crisis in the economy. Inaddition, the main activity of banks is to raise funds and lending, because of review factors influencing credit risk as an advantage to reduce delayed facilities are important. The aim of this study is the effectof internal and external factors of Banking Industry on banks Credit risk in Iran. Using econometric relations, unbalanced panel data model (with fixed effects)toanalyze of 31 banks over the periods of 1387-1393 is discussed. the research show that from the internal variables of banking, the size and capital have positive effect and credit expansion has a negative effect, and from the external variables of banking the concentration, liquidity growth rateand the exchange rate growth has positive effect and development of the banking sector and economic growth rate has negative effect on credit risk.

In this study, it is checked if put-call parity exists in 8 gold coin option contracts. According to the results, put-call parity does not exist between 6 contracts and there is not arbitrage opportunity. In the next step, these 8 option contracts have been evaluated, using Black-Scholes formula. Realized and implied volatility have been extracted from historical data and Black-Scholes formula, respectively, using numerical methods and algorithms. Volatility risk premium in 7 contracts is stationary according to stationarity test results. Correlation coefficient between excess return and volatility risk premium is negative for all considered contracts in gold coin options market. It means that there is a negative relationship between volatility risk premium and excess return. The more realized volatility of market will get greater than implied volatility, the more gold coin return increases in spot market. Due to increasing gold coin price in spot market, put option price decreases in options market. So it will not be suggested investing in put options, under these circumstances.

This paper examines the relationship between renewable energies and economic growth with special pay attention to financial outcomes. This examination has fulfilled based on government obligation and international measures, challenges, necessities in sustainable development process. We introduce an ARDL Model during (1992-2017) (1370-1395 Shamsi Calendare) to estimate hydroelectric power effects on GDP growth in Iran economy. Our findings show that the coffecient 0. 09 percent between gdp growth and hydroelectric power in Iran. This coffecient is significant and positive and shows the positivity of renewable energies expantion. With this significant relationship, (about 10 percent) and compatibility with the environment, it is nececities to policymakers to concentrate on financing projects and investment and protect such kind of energis. The government obligation to financing these kind of energies that compatable with environment, is strongly important and contribute in achiving to development goals.

Today, the major reason for external debt is to fi nance high public defi cits and development plans. This paper examines the impact of external debt on economic growth in Iran over the period 1980– 2016, based on a Markov-Switching approach. Flexibility is the main advantage of this method. In this study after examining impact of external debt on growth, we separate external debt to public sector debt and private sector debt. The results show that external debt has a negative impact on growth in both regimes. The results also indicate that private external debt has a positive effect and public external debt has a negative effect on economic growth. So, the negative effect of external debt is because of negative effect of public debt.

In the recent years, many efforts have been done to improve socioeconomic indices. Recently researchers use compound socioeconomic indexes rather than single indexes. The purpose of this study was to assess socioeconomic status of the provinces from the education, income, housing, occupation and employment dimension, therefore scores of socioeconomic indices has been calculated for all the provinces in the 2011 census by using the principal component analysis. The results indicate that in 2011 census Tehran is the most advantageous province in all socio-economic indices. Sistan and Baluchestan in the Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage and Index of Relative Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage is the most disadvantaged province in the census of 2011. The most disadvantaged province in the Index of Economic Resources is Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari in the census and Kurdistan is considered as the most disadvantaged province in the Index of Education and Occupation in the 2011 census.