Journal of Regional Planning
Year:2014 | Volume:4 | Issue:13|Papers Count:10

Not only lacking of attention to urban hierarchical system and city center distribution fashion in a region but also the rapid growth of urban settlements cause to lead issues such as immoderation and fragment in cities spatial structure; incorrect political and economic decisions and immethodical planning that provoke this study. This research is based on the evaluation of Lorestan Province's urban hierarchy. The data of this descriptive-analytical research is collected via library-documentary. Prevalent urban and region planning models such as class conflict limit; the nearest neighborhood analysis and the entropy index have been used to analyze the data. Research result indicates that Lorestan Province's urban hierarchy tends to become moderate (2.15) by considering the nearest neighborhood parameter. The entropy index tended to 1 based on normal status in most analyzed periods. Therefore, the space distribution in Lorestan Province's urban areas has been moderated through this study based on results of two models which is mentioned earlier. Regarding class conflict solution model, population distribution in Lorestan Province's urban areas has been fragmented and immoderate from 1956 to 2011.As a matter of fact, Khoramabad City, as a political, business and economic center; and Borujerd City, being a historical background, natural position, and industries growth in this city, have attracted the most population in comparison with the other cities. At last, this study suggests a couple of guidelines to improve hierarchical system.

Most of the methods designed for the analysis of poverty have two limitations: i) they are one-dimensional, i.e. they refer to only one proxy of poverty, namely low income or consumption expenditure; ii) they need to dichotomize the population into the poor and the non-poor by means of the poverty line. Nowadays, many authors recognize that poverty is a complex phenomenon that cannot solely be reduced to monetary dimension. Thus, the need for a multidimensional approach, which consists in extending the analysis of variety non-monetary indicators of living conditions, is tangible. Due to second limitation, fuzzy sets can be used to identify those households that are absolutely deprived and poor, those households that are slightly less deprived, and households lying on the threshold of poverty. As poverty levels that have space and time components, a cartographic approach within a GIS environment allows the display and representation of poverty which aids the understanding of the causes of poverty. This study uses fuzzy approach and geostatistics techniques to identify reliable methods to measure multidimensional poverty and uses a poverty mapping in urban areas. The data of this descriptive-analytical study is collected by a survey technique via questionnaire. This survey uses a stratified random spatial sampling to determine and select samples. This study is based on the fuzzy multidimensional poverty measurement that proposed by Costa (2002) and geostatistics techniques (Kriging and Cokriging). Some factors such as economic and income; housing; property and finance; health; and knowledge and skills as criteria are taken in to consideration in the process of data analysis. According to results, spherical and exponential models suite with fuzzy membership of poverty more than the others. Poverty mapping clearly shows the spatial heterogeneity of poverty in this study area.

Nowadays by increasing development of urban areas and urbanization, each city will be faced by numerous problems such as population increasing, physical expansion and environmental pollution. As a matter of fact, the green space development in cities can play an important role in maintaining the ecological balance and adjustment of urban air pollution. Izeh city, as the case study, has the apparent scarcity of urban green space. So based on the data collected, by population about 113,456 people and 2/5 family persons in 1388, the total average per capita green area of this city is 3/30 square meters (including: public green space, privacy and protection). On the other hand, the Department of Housing and Urban Development proposed 12 meters per capita is necessary. Consequently, its spatial distribution is very unbalanced and disproportionate. By considering that 96 percent of green spaces of Izeh are allocated in Zone1 and Zone2 of the City, only 4 percent of the urban green space is covered and enjoy green space areas within each of the urban areas is very disproportionate. This analytical research shows that Izeh city has very low per capita green space and its spatial distribution in the five areas of the city are very unbalanced contrary to national and international standards and suffers from a severe lack of green space. Finally, this study, by using an appropriate model, offers the per capita green space for the Izeh city.

Participation is undoubtedly a major factor in success of rural development projects, but the concentration of power in government and administrative bodies make it difficult for people to participate in planning, implementation and maintenance of these projects. This descriptive-analytic and correlational research study attempts to examine the structural-institutional factors affecting the rate success of performance process in rural guidance plans. The statistical population of the study included 21 villages in which the rural guidance plans were implemented. Ten villages with a population of 5504 households were selected by using sampling techniques. By applying random sampling method and Cochran formula, 233 households were asked to fill out designed questionnaire. Based on the results of Pearson correlation tests with the coefficient of 0.477, research findings show that there is a highly significant relationship between structural-institutional factors affecting participation and performance of guidance plans, to the extent that structural-institutional factors affecting participation explain 25% of changes attributed to dependent variable. Among the structural-institutional factors, the variable of “the role of non-governmental organizations in encouraging public participation” was 25.6% effective in implementation of guided plans. There was overall and direct correlation in spatial distribution of the relationship between structural-institutional factors affecting participation and performance process in guided plans in six villages.

   One of the most important challenges of agricultural sector- as the most important provider of employment and income in rural areas of our country- is the extensive segmentation and distribution of agricultural land plots belonging to each of the beneficiaries. Evaluation of successful countries’ experiences in the organization of agricultural lands shows that nowadays one of the most important solutions to overcome this challenge is the land consolidation; that can be as a stimulus for creating socio-economic changes in rural communities through improvement of agricultural entrepreneurship contexts. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of participatory agricultural land consolidation in improvement of entrepreneurship contexts from the viewpoints of shareholder farmers of this study area. For this purpose, from 30 implemented projects, with the cooperation of 610 farmers, 136 cases were selected by using the Cochran sampling. This descriptive-analytical research was used questionnaire for data collection. For data analysis, statistical methods such as Wilcoxon test, Crosstabs and Independent Samples t-test were used. The results of this study are presented in two axes: A) land consolidation analysis among farmers with integrated land plots showed that these projects have been successful in creating contexts for formation and development of small scale agricultural entrepreneurship. B) The comparison of the attitudes of two groups of integrated and non-integrated land plots shows a significant difference in entrepreneurship indexes that indicates positive impact of beneficiaries’ scattered land plots consolidation activities in one or several locations in improvement of agricultural entrepreneurship contexts.

    Nowadays, the development of small towns as a social, economic, and environmental process has caused to improve and increase the number of services delivered to the rural and decrease their dependence on the higher-level cities. In addition, these rural areas are considered as appropriate places for the spatial rural development. In the past two decades, particular attention to the positive role of small towns in rural areas for development of settlement pattern in developing countries has been considered. The purpose of this present is to study the effect of social and economic of Bonjar on its surrounding villages on the base of 11 prescribed aspects such as economic development and improvement of social services, etc. Data collection for this descriptive-analytical research is library-documentary and taken via filled out questionnaire and observation in the villages with more than 50 households (totally 365 samples) and the confidence level by using Cochran formula was %95. The data analysis and processing were performed through statistical methods such as SPSS, Excel and AHP model and geographic information system to determine the relative importance of factors affecting the rate of enjoyment of facilities and services in the rural area of Bonjar. By analysis of one sample T-test questionnaire, the impact of social and economic functioning of this small town on its surrounding villages shows confirmed mean social index (2.72) and rejected mean economic index (3.52).

Nowadays, international migrants’ remittances are one dimensions of financial investment in developing countries. In general, international migrants’ remittances are mainly invested in physical, socio-cultural, economic, educational and health care sectors. In Lamerd district as case study, such investments have been done in different sectors especially in the health care sector. Hence, this descriptive-analytical study is designed to consider the spatial distribution of migrants’ remittances in the health care sector of Lamerd district. The results of documentary and discovery studies demonstrate 88 constructional projects such as building various health care centers, installments and supportive equipment have been done in the health care sector. The financial estimation of these constructional projects according to the base price of 2012 has been more than 410 billion Rials. The spatial analysis of the reception of migrants’ remittances in four counties such as Markazi, Ashknan, Alamrodasht, and Chahvarz shows that there has been no geographical field management in the distribution of migrants’ remittances. Based on proposed standards for health care services, the spatial distribution of base services (health houses and health care centers) has been appropriate and the spatial distribution of specialized services (hospitals, clinics, and health care complexes) has been higher than the population in Markazi and Ashknan and fair in Alamrodasht but poor in Chahvarz.

Drought is considered as one of the undeniable climatic facts of Iran, and regardless of it, any forecasting and planning will fail. The analysis of drought and understanding its features can help planners to deal with the crises that occur. In the present study, Larestan, that is located in the Fars province, was selected as a case study, and to evaluate the characteristics of drought, precipitation data of nineteen stations in the period 1368 to 1392 were used. The purpose of using indicators SPI, CZI, ZSI and RDI was to identify the various features of drought. After data analysis, it was concluded that ZSI Shows the durability of drought’s periods longer than other indices. Also, SPI refers more deterioration of  droughts. At the monthly scale, SPI  Shows more severity than other indices, but at the annual scale, reaction of RDI is greater of other indices.

Geostatistics is one of the most important methods for evaluate the spatial distribution of geographical phenomenon like precipitation and temperature. The accurate evaluation of climatic elements is very important in many sciences like hydrology, geography, agriculture and irrigation. In this study, in order to achieve the best methods for interpolation of temperature and precipitation in Iran Geostatistics methods such as Kriging, SK, OK and UK were used. For this purpose, 180 synoptic and climatology stations data having the highest statistical period were selected. Then a matrix with 109 *118 Dimensions was created and used as the database of this study.َ After determining the best interpolation method, the cluster analysis was applied to climate classification. SPSS, ArcGIS and MATLAB software were used for data analysis and drawing maps and graphs. The result shows that the simple Kriging (exponential type) and ordinary Kriging (spherical type) are the best method for interpolation of precipitation and temperature in Iran. The results of cluster analysis on the precipitation and temperature determined five climate zones. These main climatic zones are:1-Temperate warm zone 2-Semiarid cold zone 3-Humid temperate zone 4-Warm and dry zone 5-Hot and dry zone.

Through proliferation of dangerous dehydration phenomenon, more than 26 countries with over 300 million people have been faced water shortage crisis recently. If the current trends continue, by the year 2050, this figure would have been extended in 66 countries with a population of about two-thirds of the world. According to the United Nations report, in the last half century, more than 1,830 encounter cases occurred in the context of global water, of which 37 dams has been burst in case of war disputation. Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia over Nile water sharing are in conflict with each other. Iraq, Syria and Turkey have serious tension on Tigris and Euphrates. In recent years, Middle East countries have been planned applications for accessing to new water resources and the efficient use of water resources. In this way, it is so considerable that the littoral countries of Persian Gulf plan special strategies for further exploitation of the water resources. This descriptive-analytical study by using documentary resources is planned to consider the status of water resources, especially fresh water shortage in the Persian Gulf littoral countries. The results show that fresh and usable water sources for the population of countries in Persian Gulf region are not in good condition.