Bioethics Journal
Year:2012 | Volume:2 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

The aim of the study was to report the results of a systematically conducted literature review of empirical studies about healthcare organizations’ ethics and management or leadership issues. The study was conducted by a four-member team, and search in electronic databases MEDLINE and CINAHL yielded 909 citations. After a two stage application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria 56 full-text articles of qualitative and quantitative studies were included for review in this study. No large research programs were identified. By examining each of the team members, and a final conclusion a lot of information from the literatures were obtained. Research in the field organizational ethics has increased since 2000. Most of the studies were in acute hospital settings from the 1990s onwards. The studies focused on ethical challenges, conflicts and dilemmas; employees and managers’ moral distress in practice and the ethical set priorities, values, beliefs and climates or environments. Study samples typically consisted of healthcare practitioners, operational, executive and strategic managers. Data collection was mainly by questionnaires or interviews and most of the studies were descriptive, correlation and cross-sectional. The result of this study, Inadequate development of organizational ethics, along with organizational change and grow general knowledge level, there is need to develop conceptual clarity and a theoretical framework around the subject of organizational ethics and the breadth of the contexts and scope of the research needs to be increased.

The distinction between moral and non-moral goodness and badness and identification of the criteria of this distinction is one of issues of ethics and moral philosophy. In explaining these criteria, different schools of ethics in the West have proposed various ideas. As the criteria of this distinction, intention or motive has been introduced by oriented Motivation theories, action by deontologists, and pleasure by hedonists; but from the Islamic point of view three criteria can be proposed: agent-oriented goodness and badness (based on agent's freedom and volition), act-oriented goodness and badness, and positive and negative, individual and social, effects of action. Conscience, inborn dispositions, reason, the conduct of the wise, and the principle of justice are some cognitive tools for identifying these criteria.

The principle of autonomy is the first principle among four Bioethics principles which for the first time in Nuremberg Declaration and after Nazis felonies in mandatory adaption for researches and dangerous tests, it was concerned as a code and guideline of Ethics in research and treatment and afterwards it was affirmed in supplementary declarations and post declaration and international cultural & Bioethics documents and finally it was opened by two western philosophers of Ethics, Beauchamp & Childress and was presented as the first principle of four principles of Bioethics to be a guidance for researchers and physicians dealing with the patients and human subjects.Since there is a reliable bound between jurisprudence and Ethics in the Islamic System and the Ethics arising from humans reason and reason is one of the sources of jurisprudence and jurisprudence is in control of the humans‘entire life and his/her individual and social relationships, this ethical principle has a place in jurisprudence, in this article we will make effort to review the corresponding principles to the aforesaid principle in Shia’s jurisprudence.

In recent years creating a module on the basis of monotheistic ideology has been increased in many communities. Islam has the ability to be used as the theoretical ground of theories. Therefore this study by library research is seeking to review the necessity of theorizing in nursing on the basis of the Shia’s approach to Islam. Based on findings: 1- the aspects of nursing a Muslim are not known. 2-The idea that Islam as a worldview is able to provide basic material for theory construction does not exist. 3-There is no conceptual model of nursing based on Islam. Therefore, the necessity of interdisciplinary research for theorizing constructions in nursing based on Islamic paradigm does exist.

Today, the new developments in biology, poses new ethical challenges in front of the various religions and considering them is one of the basic needs. To solve these problems, international dialogs are needed. In this regard, comparative study of religions is not limited only to the extent of interpretation and hadith and jurisprudence and theology and in this regard adopting the studies in laws, economy, sociology and psychology has a great importance. Answering the present ethical equivocations on the basis of the common language of belief will reduce most of the conflicts in the area of ethical decision making. Other non- Abrahamic religions are spread in the vast geography of the world and they mainly include Iranian, Hindu and Chinese religions. Reviewing the basics of bioethical in religions and to study the joint points and separate points of them to create the opportunity of ethical dialog is an unavoidable need.

Nowadays, health tourism is known as an important and growing phenomenon in the world. Since previous decades Iran has been known as one of the famous destinations of health tourism in the Middle East. During recent years some worries about ethical aspects of health tourism has been growing in different parts of the world. In this study, we will try to demonstrate ethical issues around health tourism and its situation in Iran. Our focus will be on three important contexts of health tourism in the country and it includes: organ transplantation assisted reproductive technologies and therapeutic abortion. For our data collection we review all possible sources using related key words in English and Farsi in scientific databases include SID, Pubmed, Magiran, Iran Medex, Google Scholar as well as newspapers, online news, web pages and books. Our first search gave us about 230 hints and finally included 57 items in our review based on the papers title and abstract. Our findings show that the existence of some related regulations regarding ethical issues in health tourism encourages some foreigners to seek health services in Iran, there is no appropriate ethical guidelines in the Iranian health system for handling the issue of health tourism. Finally we recommend more experimental works to explore the ethical issues related to health tourism and developing related guidelines.

Scientists from different disciplines have investigated on how human personality is constructed for many years. Nowadays, the theory of the interaction between genes and environment is a dominant hypothesis. This idea is measuring the amount of the impact of these two factors on different human behaviors. Genetic consultant has been approached to an interesting case in his studying with two males born in two different families whom have been changed in the delivery room. Then they were reared and trained in two different family environments. After around 30 years, the biologic relationships of each person to the original family have been revealed based on DNA fingerprinting test. The important issue is that they had similar jobs to their biological siblings. In this paper by using the Molecular Genetics method, we have studied the biological relationship between both families. The genetic factor has a greater influence on holding the occupation as the reflection of the character than the environmental factor in this case. Bioethics and behavioral genetics have overlaps such as this case which need more attention.