NAMEH-YE OLUM-E EJTEMAI
Year:2006 | Volume:- | Issue:27|Papers Count:12

The present study main goal is to obtain a generalized theoretical model for expanding job satisfaction in educational organizations. Having such a goal, it focuses at synthesizing the quantitative results of researches conducted on job satisfaction among workers in educational organizations. It utilizes library method and analyzes 44 M.A. theses in six universities located in Tehran: University of Tehran, Tarbyat-e Moddarres University, Shahid Beheshti University, Allameh-e Tabatabaei University, Alzahra University, and Tarbyat-e Moa'llem University. The statistical society under study of the 44 these totals 38477 persons distributed in 18 provinces. The average size of a sample for each thesis was 1241 persons. The methodology consists of two techniques: combination of effect size based on Hunter and Schmidt method and of Stoufer method of integrating probabilities. The results of the meta analysis show that there is no significant mean effect size for relationship between job satisfaction and pay and work career. Meta analysis of job satisfaction's most frequently- used hypotheses indicate that the strongest predictors of job satisfaction in educational organizations are participation, leadership and innovation. Demographic and individual characteristics such as gender, marriage situation, education and age provided little significance level to predicting job satisfaction.        

Little research has been conducted on the status of the scientific community within different disciplines in Iran, while scientific communities play an important role in the formation of knowledge and the reform of educational and research processes by creating a normative atmosphere and securing social control. Students' training is ineffective and production of knowledge is insignificant. These shortcomings, among others, are seen to be directly emanating from weak interactions and relations among instructors and researchers of various disciplines in the Field of sciences. This paper utilizes the sociological theories concerning the important role interactions and relations among knowledge workers play in the improvement and promotion of scientific activities. Upon the basis of the results of research conducted on the relationships among some university instructors and professors active in different branches of social sciences in Tehran, this paper attempts to define and explain the status of the scientific community in the discipline. The findings of this study indicate that instructors and researchers specialized in different fields of social sciences have little research cooperation and that their relationships and interactions are very low at associational and organization levels.      

Through analysis of particular women's cases, this paper attempts to provide a picture of reflexive nature of modern life and its Iranian actors in Iran. To demonstrate the nature of modern life in Iran it uses self-reflexivity as its prominent example. Particular women's cases, as socio-cultural and politico economic strata of modern societies, have shown that they also indicate reflexive functions at various levels. Generally, the most evident places where the self-reflexivity is crystallized include areas such as communication of one with his/her self, in ceremonies, with one's body, in marriage, in occupation and in other areas where women are present in public and- private spheres. In order to provide a reliable picture of particular women's cases of self-reflexivity and their changes in Iran, we used texts written by particular types of women, which include memoirs and autobiographies of women and novels that have been written by women about women. Methodologically, as De Vault (1999) expects us, it would help to refer to those narratives about women that have been provided in women's language is opposed to language of their otherness (men). The questions of this paper are: how these particular types of women have found themselves being on the process of reflexivity? And, in what conditions have begun reflexivity of their self? Finally, where examples of this reflexivity can be observed? Using these questions, we would try to find the answers provided by these women. In order to do this, first through a selective study of these women's writings, a picture of process of reflexive changes in the course of history will emerge. In the course of our research it became evident that a 'process of reflexivity can be really observed in these writings. In order to identify these fields four types of women's reflexivity among these particular women were identified as follows: 1- lack of reflexivity 2- reflexivity in rituals 3- reflexivity in private sphere, and finally 4- reflexivity in public place. We expect that this analysis would contribute to production of knowledge in some area of history of Iranian social relations focusing on self-reflexivity of particular types of women, which is an area rarely touched before.      

The main goal of this paper is to explain theoretical debates on generational gap as one of the most important social gaps in contemporary societies. In this regard, we consider two main approaches: historical generation approach, especially Mannheim's generational theory, and structural conflict, Bourdieu's generational conflict theory. While the former approach considers the generational gap as the result of specific experiences of different historical generations, the latter one sees it as the result of unequal distribution of Power and wealth, that is, factors whose nature are economic, symbolic and capital among generations in various Social fields. Our claim is that although these approaches are theoretically complementary and both can explain different aspects, i.e. subjective and objective, of generation gap, they do not have the same efficiency and effects as far as social Policy is concerned. It means that Mannheim's theory doesn't help to reduce the existing gap, while Boudieus theory can he used to minimize the generation, gap via equal distribution of resources.    

One of the central issues in cultural studies is the relationship between power and subject. Concerning this relationship, there are two approaches: according to the first one, subjects are determined by the ideology that the dominant group in a society produces it. In fact individuals are subjects of ideology. Conversely, another approach insists on subject resistance in the sense that they can decode preferred meaning in different ways. In this article, it is argued that both approaches involve determinism. The first one presupposes ideological reproduction, whereas the other one opens a relationship between ideological discourse and subject. I argue that in some cases like the Iranian society, the discursive access is a basic factor. In other words, the (determinant or open) relationship should be considered in the real socio-cultural context of a society.

The challenge of globalization constitutes one the latest serious disputes in today's social comments. Within the past decade it has become a central issue for advocates of modernization theory as well as proponents of post-modernism. The concept has been also used heavily in connection with global integration and global village. The globalization is accompanied by variability, communication and intercommunication. The essential condition for the phenomenon of globalization is its openness to universal pluralism. Certainly, such pluralism does not imply vertical degrees in the various evolutionary hierarchies. Variability necessitates the relationship and unequal universal connection at the level of needs for mutual trust. It also necessitates connectivity with various parts of the world as well as dialogues with different cultures and civilizations. In this article, upon reviewing different versions of conceptual definitions of d1e term globalization, we try to suggest our own definition and search for some global aims of this concept. It is obvious that the concept of globalization does not solely apply to the domain of economy. Nor is it limited to the political context. It has social, cultural and historical dimensions. By focusing on ideas and discussions of two prominent exponents of the concept of globalization namely Emanuel Walerstein and anthony Giddens, this article attempts to set a sociological ground for its discussion.        

It has been more fifty years since the development planning was first introduced in Iran. The government still relies on a planning system as the most effective institution to instigate and promote development. The government considers planning as constituting its most vital mission and propagates the image of planning among the implementers and executive agencies as being the most cherished service to the society. While this is the most rudimentary conception for organizing a planning system, and this misconception is at the root of planning failure in Iran. The experience of a planning system in the period of Pahlavi II shows that the state planning, at least in Iran, has led to disorganization as well as multiple opposition within different social strata of people. The planning system is more preoccupied with the expansion of d1e control and a deepening of state's role in the processes of the economy, politics and culture. Such a preoccupation contrasts with a primary concern with development per se. The planning system was hurriedly devised by the world system to further dependency of the periphery countries. As such, it has increased state's totalitarianism and has created structural schism in various parts of the Iranian society. The present article studies the planning process in Pahlavi II. It recognizes two major sets of constraints: operational and structural. These constraints, accompanied by inappropriate co-existence of the state with the planning system provide the most important reasons why the planning has failed in achieving development.