Bioethics Journal
Year:2018 | Volume:7 | Issue:26 |Papers Count:8

Background and Aim: According to the announcement of the WHO, mental Disorder is as important as physical health and is affected by a combination of social, psychological and biological components. This study aimed to explain the sociological grounds which affect the mental health of Arak's residents in 2017.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 15-64 year old population living in Arak. To determine the prevalence of mental disorders, general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and determining the effective sociological parameters on them, questions from Durkheim and Merton's theories were used. The sample size was 384 using Cochran formula and data gathering was done using multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software.Findings: Mean and SD of participants’ age was 34±13 years, mean and SD of household size was 1.5±4.5.98.7% of participants were Shia, 72.9% were urban and 74% owned their home. The total prevalence of mental disorders was 28.9%: 23.31% in men and 34.55% in women. Moreover, the components of immigration, job status, social status, religion, ethnicity, structural and social pressures, family problems, congestion, anomy, traffic problems and social capital were shown to contribute to the risk of mental health and the occurrence of mental disorders.Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of mental disorders in this study, it is recommended that mediating institutions as ethical and legal entities be recognized by the government and try harder to reorganise and realize the individual rights and social cohesion.

Background and Aim: Spiritual leadership positively and significantly effects on spiritual well-being and organizational-personnel performance variables, through drawing faith in a vision and culture of excellence.The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of spiritual leadership and professional ethics in the organizational commitment of health care workers.Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population consisted of all health care workers who work in health facilities of the Urmia, Iran, in 2017. The sample size was estimated 240 people by Morgan table. Stratified random sampling method, andFry’s Spiritual Leadership, Ghasemzadeh’s professional ethics and organizational Allen and Meyer’s commitment Questionnaire were used to collect data. SPSS 22 and Amos statistical soft wares were used to analyze the data.Findings: The direct effect of the spiritual leadership on professional ethics (0.37) and organizational commitment of the health care workers was significant (p=0.01). The direct effect of the spiritual leadership on organizational commitment of health care workers (0.69) also was significant (p=0.01). The indirect effect of the spiritual leadership on organizational commitment of health care workers also was significant (p=0.01). The fitting of the predictive model of the research variables was relatively good (62%) and suggests the alignment of the fitted model with the theoretical community of research.Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that spiritual leadership influences on the organizational commitment of health care workers with the mediation role of professional ethics.

Background and Aim: One of the most important ideas about the analysis of moral concepts and propositions is Non-naturalistic theory. This study aimed to analysis and criticize of the George Moore' s Theory on Moral Non-Naturalism.Materials and Methods: In this analytical research, after analyzing the basic concepts, the George Moore' s Theory on Moral Non-Naturalism is interpreted and criticized.Findings: Based on this theory, moral terms are signs and indications of the characteristics of objects, but it is not acceptable that the terms which referred to by words such as "good" and "must" can be defined based on immoral terms. According to this view moral terms can only be understood by rational intuition, not through empirical observation or metaphysical reasoning. These issues can form the theoretical foundations of bioethics. Problems such as: indefinability of simple qualities, the type of abnormal characteristics, nonexperiential (a priori) and intuition led to the emergence of emotivism, in spite of two centuries of loneliness of the Non-naturalistic theory. As the main result, the birth of the emotivism could be searched in the structural and internal problems of Non-naturalistic theory. So that, in spite of presenting a new plan in the field of analyzing concepts and moral propositions, Non-naturalistic theory due to numerous epistemological and ontological problems failed to meet expectations.Conclusion: The findings showed that both of Non-naturalistic theory and the emotivism caused the readiness to develop other theories in the field of bioethics.

Background and Aim: The moral intelligence of teachers plays an important role in their viewpoints to respect for moral norms and is one of the effective factors in the process of obtaining qualification. This study has carried out with the aim of determining the moral intelligence status and its determinants in the teachers.Materials and Methods: This Cross-sectional study carried out on 190 teachers who employed in public high schools of the Bilehsavar, Ardebil, Iran, in academic year 2015-16. Morgan Table was used to estimate the sample size and sampling done by stratified random method. Standard questionnaire of Moral intelligence developed by Keil & Lennick has been used to collect data. Data analysis has been done by SPSS Software 21.Findings: The total mean score of teachers' moral intelligence was calculated 4.13±0.08. The mean score of moral intelligence determinants included integrity 4.15±0.09, accountability 4.14±0.08, compassion 4.14±0.09 and forgiveness 4.14±0.21. Among the determinants, "forgiving own mistakes" with the mean score of 4.30±0.21 and "truthfulness" with the average score of 3.90±0.09 had the highest and lowest values, respectively. There was no significant difference between level of the moral intelligence of the men and women (P>0.05).Conclusion: Considering the relatively favorable level of the moral intelligence in the studied teachers, it is suggested that the related organization tries to promote the component of truthfulness and honesty among teachers, while strengthening the existing situation. Accordingly, in order to improve teachers' moral intelligence applying incentive manners to preserve the moral values, and holding educational courses is recommended.

Background and Aim: Educating environmental Character influenced by environmental ethics targets attitude and behavior of the people, pragmatically, in a way that even the law may be affected by its lobbying. Thus, present study aimed to explain the determinants of environmental character education.Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study, main key words were searched in the internal and foreign databases for the purpose of obtaining the themes and determinants of environmental character education. Then, the content analysis of 45 research documents retrieved with a deductive approach was carried out. For this purpose, firstly, the determinants of character education and, in particular, environmental education, were extracted based on the view of each researcher. In the next step, the frequency of the determinants was calculated by SPSS software. Then, the conceptual model of the research was drawn up using the Nvivo software 10.Findings: The total number of determinants of the 45 environmental character education identified by researchers was 60 items. Some of the determinants were emphasized only by one researcher, such as: nature sanctity, strength, leadership skills, religiousness, identification, obedience, and intelligence. The most important determinants identified were respect (48.9%), fairness (42.2%), honesty (35.6%), compassion (33.4%), responsibility (33.4%), perseverance (26.7%), care (24.4%) and discipline (22.2%), empathy (20%), patience (20%).Conclusion: Changing our attitude to the environment, from commodity view to social view will change our behavior. Our model shows that Character Education founds a variety of positive attitudes and behaviors in favor of environment which ensure human well-being in life cycle.

Background and Aim: Considering the significance of prevention as one of the most important issues in ethical and legal systems, and increasing the risk of environmental crimes, this study aimed to analyze the prevention of environmental crimes in the light of UN guidelines.Materials and Methods: This analytical study examines the prevention of environmental crimes in the light of the UN guidelines. This analysis is done based on the ethical principle of prevention of harm.Findings: Given the globalization of environmental damages, green criminologists have focused on the principle of no harm. They have recognized environmental harm as the criterion in the definition of the environmental crime rather than criminalization. The United Nations has adopted guidelines for the prevention of crime in 1996 and 2002 in the Economic Council to promote crime prevention programs at the national level. The key principles in these guidelines included: government governance, crime prevention in social and economic policies; participatory prevention; accountability; sustainability; cost-benefit analysis; knowledge-based; compliance with the Human rights; solidarity, Interdependency and differentiation.Conclusion: The utilization of the principles of the United Nations Guidelines focusing on the ethical Principle of Prevention of harm, can help us to prevent environmental crimes. In order to prevent environmental damage and harm, participation of the civil society in the field of protection of environment is recommended through providing access of the citizens and empowering them, as well as, supporting community-based and non-governmental organizations.

Background and Aim: Spiritual intelligence interacts with ethics and team culture. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and team culture with the sports ethics of the athletes of sports teams of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Iran.Materials and Methods: This study was an applied study in terms of purpose which was conducted using descriptive-correlational research method. Study population consisted of all athletes of sports teams of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz including 182 individuals in 2015. Using census, 175 questionnaires were distributed and completed. King and DeCicco's spiritual intelligence questionnaire (2009), Denison's team culture survey (2000) and Talebian Nia’s sports ethics questionnaire (2008) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation and linear regression statistical tests were used to analyze data.Findings: There was significant positive relationship between spiritual intelligence (p=0.001) and team culture (p=0.001) with sports ethics of the athletes of sports team. Also, there was significant positive relationship between the determinants of spiritual intelligence and team culture with the sports ethics of the participants (p<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that among determinants of the spiritual intelligence, transcendental consciousness can predict 9.8% of changes in sports ethics and among determinants of the team culture, work engagement can predict 11.6% of changes in sports ethics.Conclusion: It is suggested that team instructors promote spirituality and sports ethics among athletes and sports environments, and cause that they feel the support of managers and promote team behavior by creating an appropriate atmosphere in sports clubs.

Background and Aim: Management of emerging diseases requires an ethical approach to the control and care of these diseases. An ethical approach has been emphasized. The present study aimed to determine the ethical challenges in the care of emerging diseases.Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, using the three-step method, articles that published in English were retrieved using main keywords in the Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases from 1970 to 2017. Then, the articles with inclusion criteria were studied and analyzed. Out of the 5833 retrieved articles, 20 articles were reviewed. Analyzing the articles and extracting the data was done by two expired researchers simultaneously, as well as, evaluating the quality of the articles in order to increase the validity and reliability of the study. In terms of study type, 16 articles were descriptive (80%) and 4 cases (20%) were qualitative studies.Findings: The main ethical challenges identified included: patient rights, respect for patient autonomy, patient privacy, obligation of the patient care, reciprocity principle, accountability and responsibility of the states, and prevention of the patient stigmatization and discrimination.Conclusion: The findings highlights the need to consider ethical considerations in planning and taking care for emerging diseases. The inclusion of professional ethics training in the management of emerging diseases and ethical decision-making in epidemics in the curriculum of health care providers is recommended for better management of these diseases.