MOTOR BEHAVIOR (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2011 | Volume:3 | Issue:8|Papers Count:7

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of practice arrangement and feedback type on performance and learning of generalized motor program and parameter. The statistical population of present research was male students of Shihid Beheshti University. The statistical sample of this study was 180 right-handed volunteer male students with age mean of 21±1.5 and divided randomly in two separate experiments. Each experiment included six groups of blocked, serial and random of self-control and yoked and pre-test, acquisition stage, retention and transfer tests. The task used in first experiment was to pursuit light target on the rotary pursuit system with stable motor program (quadrangle) and variable parameters (with speeds of 20, 30 and 40 cycle pre minute). In the second experiment, the light target was pursuit with stable parameter (20 cycle pre minute) and variable motor programs (patterns of quadrangle, circle and triangle). Both experiments were conducted with different arrangements and feedbacks. Data were analyzed with using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), factorial ANOVA with Repeated measures, mixed factorial analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Results showed that in both experiments, the performance of self-control and yoked blocked groups was significantly better than other groups in the acquisition stage (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the performance of groups in the retention and transfer tests in first experiment (P>0.05). However, the performance of self-control and yoked random groups in second experiment was significantly better than other groups in retention and transfer tests (P<0.05).In other word, the performance of self-control feedback groups in both experiments was better than yoked feedback groups (P<0.05). Generally, the results of the present research showed the useful effects of self-control feedback on learning of generalized motor program relative to the parameter and provided other support for the notion of dissociation between these processes and Magill & Hall hypothesis. Also, the results of both experiments showed that the self-control feedback groups preferred to request feedback after good trials that this finding disagree with guidance hypothesis (Salmomi et al.1984).

The purpose of present study was to examine the effects of age, gender and sport type on observational learning (OL) use in elite athletes.265 athletes of Iranian national teams (20.6±4.84 years) completed the Functions of Observational Learning Use Questionnaire (FOLQ; Cumming et. al, 2005) to assess their use of three skill, strategy and performance functions of OL.Finding indicated that there were gender differences in the performance function, in the other words, females used the performance function significantly more than males. In contrast, the use of the skill and strategy functions of OL in females and males were the same extent. In addition, both teenage and youth athletes used the strategy and performance functions of OL similarly, but adult athletes used the skill function significantly more than others. Finally, the results revealed that the strategy function of OL in team sports athletes is significantly used more than individual sports athletes, while there were no significant differences in athletes use of skill and performance functions of OL among team and independent sports athletes.These findings suggest that coaches, sport psychologists and athletes could be effectively used different functions of observational learning as a powerful mean on acquisition of motor skills and mentally preparation of athletes.

This study designed to examine and test the constructs of reversal theory.The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of metamotivational dominance on motor performance, arousal, pleasantness and telic and paratelic states reversal in dart throwing beginner while performing under easy and difficult tasks. For this purpose, the Paratelic Dominance Scale distributed among 140 male students and at the result, 32 participants were randomly selected into two groups (16 in a telic group and 16 in a paratelic group). The study contained three blocks of eight trials, which each trail contained 4 throws. Participants were asked to complete the Affect Grid and the Telic State Scale in pretest and after trials 8, 16, 24.Dates analyzed with repeated measure, Ancova test, paired t test and LSD Post Hock test statistical methods. The results showed that there was significant difference between the telic and paratelic participant in telic and paratelic states reversal (in easy task, p=0.002, in difficult task, p=0.001), arousal (in difficult task, p=0.006) and pleasantness (in easy task, p=0.04, in difficult task, p=0.01). Overall, the study only partially confirmed the reversal theory postulations.

The purpose of this study was comparing mental toughness of athlete men and women in contact and non-contact sports at different levels of skill. In this regard, after an pilot study, 300 athlete men and women in three contact sports including Wushu, Kickboxing and Taekwondo as well as three noncontact sports including Badminton, Tennis and Squash in three levels of elite, non-elite and novice, were purposefully selected. In order to collect the data, sports mental toughness questionnaire (SMTQ) developed by Golby & Sheard (2009) was employed. The date were analyzed based on multi- Variable analysis test (MANOVA) and significant level of p<0.017. The results demonstrated that each of the main factors such as gender, sports type, and different levels of skill have significant effects on the amount of athletes' mental toughness in a way that men's mental toughness is significantly more than women's mental toughness, mental toughness of contact sports is more than more than non-contact sports, and mental toughness of elite athletes was more than non-elite and novice. On the contrary, four interaction effects involving the interaction of gender and sports type, gender and different levels of skill, types of sport and different levels of skill, and finally the interaction of gender, sports type and different levels of skill, had no significant effect. Different factors such as time condition, competition experience, age, activity level, psychological interventions, the nature of sport field and individual differences play roles in forming and developing mental toughness which require more studies.

The purpose of this study was to examine perfectionism and its possible relationship with profile of mood states in both pre & post competition among athletes. The target population of research consisted of 120 tennis players who participate in Iranian Olympiad.97 athletes were randomly selected as the sample. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Sport-MPS). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS through Pierson correlation and Regression. Correlational analyses indicated there were significant associations between specific mood state scores and various dimensions of perfectionism. Results indicated that there were significant associations between pre competition total mood states disturbance scores and total perfectionism (r=0.62; p<0.01). Also, there were significant associations between post competition total mood states disturbance scores and total perfectionism (r=0.45; p<0.01). The notion that there is a strong correlation between psychological distress and perfectionism is well supported.

The main purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of goal setting versus no goals training condition on learning of a perceptual-motor task (darts) in adolescents with mental retardation (AWMR). The study included 22 AWMR female students (aged from 12 to 15 years) whom they randomly assigned to a goal setting or no goals group (n1=n2=11). No goals group was provided with feedback about their performance while goal setting group received performance goal setting programs as well as feedback about their performance in training sessions. At the determined training condition, the two groups performed the aiming task for 10 sessions.Both groups performed an immediate retention test immediately after the last exercise session, and performed a delayed retention test after 10 days of no practice. Repeated measure ANOVA and an independent t test were used for analyzing data. Results showed that no goals condition was much more beneficial for the task acquisition and learning than goal setting condition.The findings of our study indicate that providing AWMR with goal setting programs may complicate the process of motor task learning for them.

The objective of the present study was examination the mediating role of hardiness in the relationship between forgiveness and humor and hope in athletics. Method this study was of type correlation and study subjects was consist 60 athletic students (30 girl and 30 boy) of Ardabil Mohaghgh that were selected available sampling and answered with Snyder hope scale, Walker and Garsokh forgiveness scale, Torsen & Powell humor scale and Ahvaz hardiness scale. To examine reliability of measure, Cronbach alpha coefficient, were used. The path diagram of the hypothetical model was tested by simultaneous regression analysis, according to steps recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986). Results showed that: (a) forgiveness and humor, were weak as direct predictor of hope, (b) forgiveness was predictor of hardiness, (c) hardiness, was a mediator between forgiveness and hope in athletics. It can be concluded that hardiness and forgiveness (direct and indirect) can predict changes of hope in athletes. Results and implications are discussed.