JOURNAL OF PLANT PROCESS AND FUNCTION
Year:2015 | Volume:4 | Issue:13|Papers Count:13

In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming on some effective physiological parameters on seed germination of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under chilling stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments were consisted of priming treatments (hydropriming, halopriming, osmopriming and no priming) and temperature (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15oc). Results showed that chilling stress caused a linearly decline of germination rate. The maximum germination rate achieved with hydropriming treatment. Also, hydropriming treatment prevented the reduction of germination percentage at 3oC with no significant difference with halopriming treatment.The maximum vigor index was observed for halopriming. Reduction of temperature resulted in proline and activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes increasing in all priming treatments. Polyethyleneglycol not only had no effect on seeds germination, but also reduced germination parameters of pea in some temperatures.In conclusion, hydropriming and halopriming treatments are suitable for physiological parameters, germination rate and percentage improvement of pea seeds under chilling stress conditions that they can provide establishment and better growth of this plant under cold stress. This method could be appropriate for increasing the rotational potential of this plant as green manure in cold and mild regions of the country.

One of the major problems in recent years is the more dust storms occurrence in west regions of Iran in order to rising of the temperature and drought in the neighbored country (Iraq). In present investigation, effect of simulated dust storm on chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll content and phenol compounds surveyed in vitro in medicinal plan Thymus vulgaris. T. vulgaris is the aromatic medicinal plant with high economic value. This plant was stressed for a period of 2 months in the dust chamber as 0.5, 1 and 1.5 grams/m3 amount with four day intervals. After this period, results showed reverse relationship between dust amount and plant chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Chlorophyll a and b content decreased with increase of the stress. Photosynthesis yield (DF/Fm’) had not significant reduction in first treatment (2%) and second treatment (21%), while it illustrated significant reduction in third treatment (28%). Electron transport rate (ETR) had significant decrease in T2 and T3 by 24% and 39% respectively.Also, there was increasing in treatments than to control in flavonoids and Anthocyanin. In the base of results in this investigation, high amount of the dust can has reduced effect on the photosynthesis performance.

The effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, relative water content, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of eight safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes differing in salinity tolerance (4 salt tolerant and 4 salt sensitive) were evaluated. This study was conducted using a split plot design arranged as a completely randomized design replicated three times under greenhouse conditions. Salinity treatments were imposed by irrigating with Hoagland solution containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM of NaCl in a 30 days period. The results of analysis of variance showed significant effects of genotype, salinity, and genotype × salinity interaction for all the measured traits. Salinity stress led to an increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and peroxidase enzyme activity and a decrease in relative water content and catalase enzyme activity. Salt sensitive genotypes showed less catalase activity under salt treatments. Under salinity stress chlorophyll content of salt tolerant genotypes of safflower was higher than salt sensitive ones. The most salinity tolerant genotype PI-506426 recorded the highest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents under the highest salt stress.

Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that adversely affect plant growth and metabolism. Salt stress affects plant physiology at both whole-plant and cellular levels through osmotic and ionic stress effects. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of salinity on photosynthetic pigment content and nutrient in Saltwort Plants (Seidlitzia rosmarinus L.), Experiment was carried out in completely random design (CRD) with 5 replicates. Treatments were composed of: control, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% (of dry soil bed’s weight).Indicated results, revealed a strong and negative relationship between increasing salinity intensity and all of measured parameters related to photosynthetic pigments. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as F0, Fm, Fv/Fm, qP and NPQ showed significant changes at high levels of salinity stress (≥0.70% salt per weight of dried soil). Our results showed a competitive process among the measured nutrients ions. In conclusion, the saltwort (S. rosmarinus) plants tolerate salt stress through accumulating Na+ and Cl- ions different organs and the species is proposed for rehabilitation of saline soils.

Lolium perenne has symbiosis relationships with an important group of endophytes; genus Neotyphodium. Agronomic traits of this plant and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses are affected by Neotyphodium spp., resulting to changes in its physiology and morphology. Effect of Nickel and endophyte symbiosis on growth parameters and nickel uptake in two different natural populations are investigated in this study. Each population consisted of two groups of plant (E+ and E-; with or without endophyte).Treatments consisted of 0, 30, 90 and 180 mg Ni kg 1- soil), and growth parameters including root and shoot wet, dry weight and length, tiller number, and nickel uptake in root and shoot were evaluated after 3 months from treatment.After 3 months from treated plants, significant decrease in root and shoot biomass of E+ and E- plants was observed in 180 treatment and endophyte infection decreased the biomass plants. However, endophyte infection significantly improved the tillering ability of host ryegrass. Also, a significant increase in the Ni concentration of root and shoot was observed under Ni stress and the Ni concentration of E+ plants was 12.7% and 88.7% higher in root and shoot, respectively, than in E- plants. Results indicated decreases in root and shoot wet and dry weights were decreased in concentration 180 mg.kg-1 treatments, and root length in concentration 30 mg.kg-1. Greatest number of tillers observed in population 1 in 30 mg.kg-1 treatment. Nickel uptake was significantly increased in roots and shoots of both populations when soil Ni was increased. Nickel uptake of root and shoot in two populations of L. perenne plants was decreases in presence of with endophytes (E+ plants) which is considered as an important factor towards decrease in negative effects of this element. Population 1 with more shoot tiller and nickel uptake under stress conditions could be introduced as the suitable population to be cultivated in stress conditions.

Mint is one of the most important medicinal and aromatic plants in the world, however, the effects of shading levels on growth and quality of mint accessions have not been well documented. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of five shade levels on production of nine mint genotypes. For this purpose a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted during the 2012-2013 growing season in pots in open space in Chah anari field in Isfahan University of technology. Treatments were: (0 (full sun), 20-30% shade, 40-50% shade, 60-70% shade and 80-90% shade) as different environment and 9 species of Mint: (Karaj, Hamedan and Esfahan (M. longifolia), Tabas, Ghazvin and 7-1 (M. piperita), 2-1, 11-3 and Bojnord (M. spicata) intensities. Shoot fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights, leaf total chlorophyll and chlorophyll, a and b and carotenoid contents, essential oil content and yield were measured. The records data were analyzed using combined analyses of data. The highest shoot fresh weights (156.46 g per pots) were was measured under 20-30% shade in Karaj. The highest shoot dry matters (46.60 g per pots) were detected in Esfahan genotype under control ( full sun full). The highest root fresh weights (236.47 g per pots) were was recorded for Karaj genotype under 20-30%. The highest root dry matters (73.03 g per pots) were measured for Karaj genotype under 40-50%. The highest chlorophyll b (6.89 mg /g) was measured in Esfahan under sun full. The highest carotenoid contents were was detected in Ghazvin genotype under 20-30% shade level. The highest percent essential oil (1.82%) was recorded in Tabas genotype under 20-30%. The highest essential oil yield essential oil (80.16 mg/g) was registered in Esfahan genotype under 20-30%. Maximum. Under control and 20-30% shade Esfahan genotype, under 40-50% shade Karaj genotype, under 60-70% and 80-90% 3-11 genotype produce highest shoot dry matter. Highest percent essential oil under control level, 20-30% shade and 40-50% shade in Tabas, under 60-70% and 80-90% in 1-2 genotype obtained. Results of this experience showed that measurementd traits were d characters correlated todepends on the genotype and shade laevel and it is possible to selection tolerant genotypes.Esfahani genotype under control and 20-30%, Keraj genotype under 40-50%, 3-11 genotype under 60-70 and 80 to 90% shadings produced the highest shoot dry yield, respectively. Whereas, the highest essential oil content was recorded in Tabas genotype under control, 20-30 and 40-50% shadings and in 1-2 gentype under 60-70 and 80-90% shadings.

As nitrogen source is a necessary element in structure and cell metabolism, studying of nitrogen source and its effect on growth and different behave of photosynthetic organisms has received much attention. In this study, the comparative effects of three nitrogen sources (KNO3, NH4Cl and KNO3+NH4Cl) have been studied on physiological properties of two Dunaliella species, as Dunaliella sp. isolated from Gave-Khooni salt marsh and D.bardawil-UTEX2538, in different salt concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 3 M NaCl) and cell division, changes in Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, total carotenoid total protein and fresh weight of the cells has been assayed during 24 days.D. bardawil had higher rates in cell growth, and in both strains the highest growth rates were observed at 0.5 M, treated with KNO3.Most of decreases in the amount of measured substances were happened on 8th day of assays and increases in Chl a, Chl b and total Chl contents were occurred in higher salt concentrations (0.5 M and 3 M) treated with KNO3. The cells in 0.5 M had the least fresh weight with the highest cell division rate. In D. bardawil, NH4Cl caused decrease in growth only in 0.1 and 3 M on 8th day. But noticeable decreases in Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, beta carotene and total carotenoid along with an increase in protein amount in both strains were observed only in 3M. After decreases on 8th day, the amount of assayed substances, increased at 3M. KNO3+NH4Cl as nitrogen source improved cell condition compared to cells treated with NH4Cl. D. bardawil responded to nitrogen source more different from other species and some increases in pigment contents occurred on 16th day. Overall, these results suggest that, NH4Cl make both species more sensitive to higher salt concentrations and after a short period of responses with decreased amount of pigments and arises in protein content, some increases could be a sign for coping with the new condition.

Medical plant Purslane contain large amounts of material with extraordinary health benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty unique combination of vitamin C, beneficial effects on the circulatory system and the heart. Therefore, research into application attract moisture substance and organic fertilizer and chemical on yield of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) In Ahwaz conditions, a field experiment was conducted experimental field of Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University in Ahwaz, south-western of Iran, during 2011 growing season. Treatments were arranged as a split plat experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot involves Zeolites of 2 tons per hectare, Control plots without application of fertilizer, super absorbent material at the rate of 200 kg per hectare and subplots involving fertilizer treatments at six system cow manure system, Sheep manure system, poultry manure, Filter cake, Urea nitrogen fertilizer rate of 180 kg hectare and source of phosphorus, 150 kg of triple superphosphate and Control plots without the use of fertilizers. Zeolites and super absorbent the highest levels of plant dry weight, plant height and number of lateral branch had the highest. Application of chemical fertilizers, plant dry weight, plant height, number of secondary branches, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids and protein significantly increased and Control manure treatment had the lowest levels of these traits. Treatment of cow manure, sheep and control has the highest percentage of oil and chemical fertilizer treatments had the lowest percentage of oil. The results indicate the possible use of chemical fertilizers and manure plus in boosting performance oleracea was with absorbent material.

Application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and foliar application of Nano-Zinc oxide are proper and cheap method for increasing of Triticale yield. So, in order to study of the effects of nano-zinc oxide and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on contribution of dry matter remobilization and stem reserves in grain yield, chlorophyll content, stomata conductance and some physiological indices of Triticale, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2013. Factors were: foliar application of Nano-Zinc oxide at five levels (0 as control, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 g/lit) and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels (without inoculation as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter chrocoococum strain 5, Azosprillium lipoferum strain OF and Psedomunas putida strain 9). The highest contribution of dry matter remobilization and stem reserves in grain yield was obtained at no application of Nano-Zinc oxide and no seed inoculation with PGPR. Means comparison showed that maximum of yield and yield components, chlorophyll content, stomata conductance, total dry matter and crop growth rate was obtained at application of 1 g/lit Nano-Zinc oxide×seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azosprillium and minimum of they were recorded at no application of Nano-Zinc and no seed inoculation with PGPR. So, it can be suggested that in order to increasing of grain yield, chlorophyll content, stomata conductance and some physiological indices such as total dry matter and crop growth rate be applied seed inoculation of Triticale with Azotobacter and Azosprillium ×application of 1 g/lit Nano-Zinc oxide.

In this study, Cannabis plants with different ploidy levels were compared in some growth and biochemical parameters. Tetraploid and mixoploid plants were achieved from previous experiment. Flow cytometry analysis was used to confirm the ploidy level. As a result, root and shoot fresh weight showed a significant increase in tetraploid plants compared to the diploid ones. Chimers showed a significant increase in soluble carbohydrate, reducing sugar, starch and protein content in comparison to diploids and tetraploids. However, tetraploids had higher amount of starch and protein in compare with the diploid plants. On the other hand, cellulose, soluble and reducing sugars content, in tetraploids were lower than diploids. The total protein profiles of plants with different ploidy levels, revealed qualitative and quantitative changes. As a result, ploidy induction in addition to morphological effects has an effect on biochemical traits.

Regarding the differences between shoot and root optimum growth temperature and the impress of temperature on root function specially nutrient absorption this study was aimed to investigate the effect of low root temperature with three nitrogen levels in lettuce. The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomized trial design with five replication. Treatments were used including three nitrogen levels (100, 75 and 50) % Johnson nutrient solution and two temperature levels (15oC: stress condition, 25oC: optimum condition). The experiment was performed in greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology. Results indicated that by decreasing nitrogen and temperature levels prolin and root exudate phenol in T2×N3 treatment were 98 and 8 % higher than control treatments respectively. Furthermore in photosynthesis rate and stomata conductivity with 80 and 56 % reduction from control treatment the lowest amount of them observed. Also photosynthetic water efficiency and chlorophyll index were 69 and 70 % more than control treatment respectively. Shoot and root fresh weight were 50 % more than other treatments. Under low temperature stress photosynthesis rate, evaporation, stomata conductivity and the amount of phenolic compounds and proline mostly impressed. Based on present results in order to obtain lettuce greatest yield we should satisfied its temperature and nutritional needs but plants will be resistance under stress condition by releasing prolin and phenolic compounds.

Astragalus fridae of family Fabaceae has farmaceutical properties, Food and dustarial value. This plant is native to the province Semnan.Aftar village located in the North West of Semnan. Its main habitat is Aftar village located northwest of Semnan. This plant is endangered of extinction.The purposes of this project included: The study of anatomical structures of aerial organs, soluble Carbohydrate content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes of plant leaves in two different times (Spring and Summer 1392). In order to survey of effect of temperature on total protein content and the activity of antioxidan enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbat peroxidase and superoxid dismutase) and soluble carbohydrate, leaves were collected in May and August. Results indicated that protein level and Soluble carbohydrate in may were less than in August, but different between means weren’t meaningful.The activity of enzymes increased in August. Results indicated that with increasing the temprature, the activity of them increased. Histological studies were stablished by using double stained of methyl green - Alumal Carmen.Petiole and leaf anatomical studies indicated that area of schloranshim in tissue samples of August were more than May which showed the plant adaptation to high temperature stress.

Organic fertilizers in sustainable agricultural system are causing yield stability, especially in production of medicinal plants. Also consideration to forgotten medicinal plants such as Zuleng (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.) that the leaves contain essential oils is most important because of the rich genetic potential. In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and chemical fertilizers on Zuleng (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.), experiment was installed in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Sari city at 2011-2012. Treatments were concluded vermicompost, compost, compost and vermicompost, chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and compost, chemical fertilizer and vermicompost, compost and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer, control (no organic or chemical fertilizer). Fertilization rate was 150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer (NPK), 10 T/ha vermicompost and 15 T/ha compost. Fresh and dry yield, leaf area index, leaf number, essential oil percentage and yield and also, major secondary metabolite were investigated. Results had suggested that there were significant differences in most characters between treatments and control (p=%5 level) except essential oil percentage. Highest percentage of1-limonene was in the compost treatment and maximum levels of 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone and b-sesquiphellandrene were in the compost+vermicompost mixture. The highest fresh weight yield, leaf area index and 4- (1, 5-dimethylhex-4-enyl) cyclohex-2-enonepercentage were obtained in 10 T/ha vermicompost treatment.