EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL BIOLOGY
Year:2016 | Volume:5 | Issue:1 (17)|Papers Count:10

Biofilm is a complex community of microorganisms residing within a polysaccharide and/or protein matrix. Biofilm can be produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Both gram positive and gram negative bacteria have this ability. Resistance of biofilm to antimicrobial agents is becoming a global issue. Bacterial biofilms are important in various aspects such as chronic human infections, dental plaque, infection of indwelling medical devices like catheters; animal and plant diseases and they are also a major problem in industries and food processing units. It is estimated that more than 80% of all microbial infections are caused by biofilms. The aim of this study was to describe biofilm and the importance of bacterial biofilms. We discoursed about resistance of bacteria in biofilm phase; and finally, the known anti-biofilm mechanisms have been discussed. Also, due to the importance of plant compounds for treatment of bacterial infections and as, there has been increased interest in controlling of bacterial infections by these substances, some recent studies in this field (plant compounds as anti-biofilm agents) have been expressed.

Peroxidases are a group of oxidoreductases that are produced by a number of microorganisms and plants, and catalyse the reduction of peroxides. Peroxidases are widely used in clinical biochemistry and enzyme immunoassay. Horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C (HRP) is one of the characterized peroxidases. The structure of the enzyme is largely alpha helical. Kinetics studies of peroxidase enzyme were performed using a spectrophotometer UV-Vis fitted with electronic control system at 35oC and 45oC and pH4 and in the presence ethanol and butanediol. Kinetic parameters show that ethanol and butanediol organic solvents becomes caused the increase of maximum speed (VMAX) and activity of the enzyme. Organic solvents have effect on electrostatic interactions of proteins because their dielectric constant with water is different. In general, reduce properties of polar solvents and decreased dielectric constant becomes caused the increases electrostatic repulsion, leading to the opening of the proteins. Enzymes activity in such organic environments increases stability, activity or facilitate reactions that are difficult to perform in aquatic environments.

Reproductive biology of female Shemaya (Alburnus chalcoides) studied with examination of histology, egg diameter and value of sex steroid hormones during spawning phase in the Anzali wetland from March 2013 to Jun 2014. Finally 42 numbers of female fish were examined. The result of sex steroid hormones showed the rate of testosterone hormone in gravid fish was 7.93±1.18 ng/ml; but in ripe females, its value was 3.88±1.12 ng/ml (P<0.05). Level of 17b- estradiol during spawning phase were examined and its value in gravid fish and ripe fish respectively was 2.98±0.18 and 2.55±0.09 ng/ml. also level of progesterone hormone in ripe fish was 0.36±0.04 ng/ml, that its value in ripe fish and its value in gravid fish was 0.25±0.03 ng/ml (P<0.05). Egg diameter in gravid fish and ripe fish respectively was 655.12±13.29 and 792.4±13.96 micron. Microscopic study of ovarian histology in female fish showed ovarian contain eggs in primary growth stage, cortical alveoli, early vitellogenic oocyte, advanced vitellogenic oocyte, hydrated oocyte, germinal visicol break down oocyte. According to value of 17b-estradiol during spawning phase and result of other study, probably eggs are growing during spawning phase. The process of oocyte growth in these fishes is asynchronous.

Heavy metals are the important pollution which there is in the aquatic ecosystems. Today, with advances in technology have increased the pollution therefore it is important to assessment the risks. The aim of this study was acute toxicity effects of mercury chloride, lead chloride and zinc chloride in silver carp fish. In this study there were 5 treatments for lead chloride and mercury chloride and 6 treatments for zinc chloride. The average lethal concentration (LC50) of these insecticides on fish within 96 hours was determined using probit analysis. Toxicity tests at 96 hours, 100% mortality shown at 1 mg per liter concentration for mercuric chloride and 60 mg per liter concentration for lead chloride and zinc chloride. LC50 96h was for mercuric chloride 0.55±0.63, Lead chloride 39.9±0.76 and Zinc chloride on 41.1±0.20. Based on this it was concluded that mercury chloride more toxic to silver carp fish compare to lead and zinc chloride so we should prevent the entrance of such substances, specific mercury, to the aquatic ecosystems.

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic diseases and in the long term affects many parts of body, including liver and kidneys. This study was to investigate alcoholic extract effect of Alhagi camelo rum on functional tests of liver and kidney in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. In this study, 28 Wistar male rats were divided into the four groups (n=7): non-diabetic control group received normal diet, diabetic group was induced by streptozotocin and received 1ml of normal saline daily as extract solvent, two diabetic experimental groups received alcoholic extract of Alhagi Camelo rum at dose of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg by gavage, respectively. To induce diabetes, streptozotocin was injected to rats intraperitoneally at dose of 50 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at day 21 from all groups and the related blood factors were measured and analyzed by SPSS (ANOVA). The findings show that there was a significant increase in creatinine, urea levels and liver enzymes in diabetic control group when compared to the non-diabetic control group. While the same amount factors show decrease in the groups receiving alcoholic extract of Alhagi Camerolum. The results show that alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Alhagi Camerolum causes to the decreased creatinine, urea levels and liver enzymes.

This study was performed to compare the efficiency of 6 microalgae namely Dunaliella tertiolecta, Tetraselmis suecica, Chlorella sp., (green algae), Nannochloropsis oculata, Spirolina sp. (blue-green algae) Cheatocerus sp. (Diatoma), and Isochrices sp. (Haptophytae) on the growth, survival and reproduction efficacy in Artemia urmiana in laboratory conditions. Artemia cysts were harvested from Urmia Lake and hatched according to the standard method. Live microalgae were cultured using the F/2 Guillard's culture medium. Artemia survival was determined in treatments on days 8, 11, 14, 17 and 20. Length growth of A. urmiana was measured in three-day intervals. To determine reproduction efficiency characteristics such as cysts production, intervals between two successive reproductions, first reproduction time and the date of female Artemia were analyzed. The results indicated a significant difference (p<0.001) among three microalgae in terms of length growth, survival rates and reproduction characteristics in A.urmiana. There was a direct relationship between Artemia length growth and reproductive characteristics. This study showed that survival rate, length growth and reproductive characteristics of A.urmiana fed by Dunaliella tertiolecta were significantly higher than A.urmiana fed by other microalgae. It seems that Artemia culture in salt water with Dunaliella as natural flora is a suitable choice.

Diabetes mellitus is an interference metabolism syndrome of carbohydrates, fat and proteins which can create as a result of shortage or absence of insulin or decreasing of tissues sensitivity regard to insulin. In this investigation the effect of methanolic extract ofhypericum scabrum on the diabet and diabetic inflammation has been studied.as sample of 30 male wistar rats (200±20gr) were divided in to 5 groups. (n=6 in each group).3 groups of rats gavaged with dose of 50, 80 and 110 mg/kg of methanolic extract of hypericum scabrum and controls remained intact. Check input items include food and water intake, blood sugar, liver enzymes (SGPT, SGOT) and LDL. The streptoztosin-diabetic rats were used. Results were analysed by one way analysis of varianc (ANOVA). The results of this research indicate that using the methanolic extract could effectively prevent of diabetes mellitus in rats. The sample wich received extract with 80 mg/kg dosage of their weight significantly decrease the liver enzymes activity in their bloods, their food and water usage was reduced and their blood sugar was declined. In attention to this topic that herbal drugs, with more research on clinical effects. This plant can be used as an appropriate replace for chemical drugs.

This research was conducted to study the effects of different light colors on growth indices (Growth Rate and Specific Growth Rate), Feed Conversion and Survival Rate in Tiger barb (Barbus tetazone) fish for 6 weeks.120 fish with an average weight 75 ±0.02 were respectively divided in four groups of white, natural, green and blue colors (with three replicates for each treatment). Fish fed twice a day with Biomar commercial food. Results showed that growth indices (GR, SGR) and FCR were significantly different in varied light colors (P<0.05). White and green lights, respectively, led to the growth of highest and lowest in fish and were observed highest and lowest of FCR in natural and green light, respectively. There was no significant difference in fish survival rate in the four groups (P<0.05). Results of present study showed that artificial light color can significantly effect on fish growth in barb tiger. So, using of a suitable light color can be obtain an optimal growth during of culture period in the fish.

A cardiovascular problem is one of the common complications of diabetes. Connexin is the predominant protein subunit in gap junction structure which is important in communication between cells. Considering the role of connexin, this question can be created in the mind whether changes in phosphorylated connexin 43 occurs in diabetics thoracic aorta or not? 20 male Wistar rgroups (n=10): control and diabetic group. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/Kg). After 60-days, rats were anaesthetized and then thoracic aorta was isolated and immediately Freeze, at the end phosphorylated connexin 43 levels were measured by ELISA method. In this study, a significant increase in the level of connexin 43 is observed in the diabetic group (P<0.05). Increased phosphorylated connexin 43 levels and downregulation of it, with the loss of cell communication through gap junction and induction of apoptosis, can be one cause of cardiovascular problems in diabetes patients.

Rodent have global spread and include the largest order of mammals that their broad range of adaptation is extensive. So far don’t perform a study on rodent fauna of Ferdows County. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify this part of the vertebrates in this area. In this regard in order to identification and biosystematics survey of rodent fauna from winter 2014 to June 2014 in different parts of the area sampling was done by using different traps. Cached samples were identified by cranial, dental and morphometric characteristics. Based on results five species recognized in Ferdows which including Mus musculus, Tatera indica, Meriones persicus, Nesokia indica and Cricetulus migratorius.