GEOGRAPHY AND TERRITORIAL SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
Year:2015 | Volume:5 | Issue:16|Papers Count:14

The measurement of urban segregation patterns and trends is often taken place by relying on the indices which show clearly the spatial patterning of the population distribution in a city. In this paper, the new approach of measuring Spatial segregation between several groups has been presented. This approach allows the researchers to measure the segregation at any scale. This research from the objective point of view is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical method, the data and information of this research has been collected by field surveying method and the selected samples were gathered by spatial random stratified method. In this paper, social segregation of Kamyaran city has been measured in the form of three variables of income, language and religion by using the introduced indices. The results of the indices by using P-Value test shows the high reliability level of segregation measuring at this study. Based on the results of the case study, by increasing the study scale, the value of segregation indices will decrease. Intensity of segregation at the three indicator limits (the northeast, northwest and south part of the city) at each three under study variables is more than the other points. Also dissimilarity value of religion variable is more than the other ones at local scale and the three variable of medium income, Soran group and Sunni religious group have the highest degree of spatial segregation.

With the advent of globalization age in the form of networks and capital flow, goods and services and by focusing post industry on knowledge and information production, the role of cities is most important and crucial and therefore, in post industry age, unlike the industrial age, that industries are the main drivers of development, the city itself became the bed for development and creation of post industrial age. Here, each city which provides an appropriate situation for producing knowledge, preservidng and promote the traditions, presence of institurions, local and urban identity, creative industries, creative economy and creative people. Certainly, takes more successful steps for comprehensive development. Emerging the idea of "Creative city" from the late of 1980, which was an attemp for reconstruction of the city on the global level, is based on this idea that always it is possible to use the potential that exists in a place or we assume. This research has been performed with the aim of evaluating the condition of the centers of Mazandaran townships based on the indices of creative city. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical method and library method was used for collecting the required information. In this study, while identifying the most important indices of creative city, the province cities were clustered by using Fuzzy Cluster Analysis Model (c-Means alghorithm) and in continue, by using Vikor, the rating of these cities has been made to study the development amount of the cities based on the creativity. The obtained results showed that although placing the cities in different clusters has no significant relation with the distribution and their scattering in the province, but the main focus of the province cities from developmet point of view and the indices of creative city is placed on the central cities of Iran. Also these studies showed that Sari city (centre of the province) and Babol city, in addition to placing in one cluster (dependency level of 0.932 and 0.835) are placed at the first rank from developmental point of view and Galoogah, Abbasabad and Soork are placed at the last rank.

In the recent decades, physical development and population growth of cites of Iran has been very rapid and accelerating, so that the growth of cities as a problem or issue and necessity of attention to urban issues, particularly its structural issues in scientific framework have been important and necessary. In this direction, the present study through descriptive –analytical method aims to evaluate physical development of cities in order to provide analytical data on various aspects of physical development and growth, the nature of the problems and its consequences. In this research, Damghan city is examined as a case study. population of the city Within 55 years has increased more than 6 times and its area has a growth of more than 15 times. Data collected by documentary and field methods, have been analyzed using the techniques of Degree of Aggregation, the Coefficient of Gini and the Coefficient of Entropy. The result obtained from the study of physical development of the cityindicates that as we close to year 2011, the development of the city has intended to the horizontal distribution and dispersion.

The local government is one of the structural elements of governing the state in the modern age. The performance of it depends on different factors that the political system is the most important effective factors on local government in each country. Generally, political systems are divided in to there groups: single party states, federal states and regional states. Iran has unitary political system and the Islamic Councils of the city have been defined as the symbol of local government in this structure and in the constitution. But in practice, the Islamic Coucils have been faced with a great deal of problems and their operaing limit are controlled by the power and political system of Iran. On this basis, this research aims to study the effect of unitary and single party political systems on the Islamic Councils of the cities in Iran. To this end, in this study, the system of the Islamic Councils of the cities of Iran based on the constitution laws, common laws of the Islamic Councils and its revisions, documents and comments of Guardian Council have been studied. Research data has been gathered by library and documentary method and was analyzed by content analysis method. The results showed that the political system affects on the statute, the degree of independancy and the decision making of the local government and has caused a little improvement in the efficiency of the local government.

Growing the urbanization and population tendency to urban environments has provided the situation for becoming important the urban life more than before. The overall objective of this study was to assess quality of life in informal settlements of Islamabad City in Zanjan province. The research method is descriptive- analytical and surveying. Method of gathering data is the field one and in a form of questionnaire, where 145 households were systematically selected as sample. In order to assess the life quality, both the objective and subjective aspects consisting 4 main indicators (socio- cultural- religious, physical, economic and physical) and 23 components have been used. Topsis and AHP model were used for the analysis of data in order to assess the quality of life in Islamabad. The research results indicate the difference in all indices but this difference is distinguished in economical and physical indicators. The results showed that firstly, Islamabad is placed at an undesirable condition from life quality indices and this difference is distinguished in economical and physical indices. firstly, there exists a significant and bilateral relationship between the indices in a district. thirdly, the subjective views of the citizens residing in Islamabad will change under the social cultural, economical and physical changes.

Today, educational spaces are among the most important land uses in rural areas and take up a large part of rural spaces. Given the nature of activities conducted in these spaces, the sensitivity of such uses and their direct relationship with the families, finding an appropriate space for educational use is of more importance than other service uses. In this study, using GIS and given the factors involved in optimal site selection for educational uses, attempts have been made to examine the optimal distribution of educational spaces in the sample rural areas of Khaf County. To do so, the criteria associated with optimal site selection were considered which included lands with suitable uses such as wastelands, farmlands, ruins, proximity to educational, cultural and residential areas, access to road networks, the radius of action area of current educational use and the suitable area of the buildings. Then, for each of the above factors effective in site selection, data layers were created in GIS environment. For modeling, multi-criteria decision making analysis methods (MCDA) such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to weight each data layer proportional to their importance in optimal site selection for educational spaces. Based on the results of data layers integration, the lands in each village were divided into four classes so that we can find the optimal spaces for educational uses. In addition, a comparative analysis of the optimal locations with those proposed in the Rural Guide plan revealed that current educational spaces are located in “highly appropriate” and “appropriate” areas.

Multi spectral images of remote sensing are very efficient in gaining a better understanding of the environment. Therefore, with regard to the extensive changes in land use and vegetation, using remote sensing technology and monitoring has become an important tool. This study aims to assess land use changes in the percentage of vegetation cover in Yasooj city and surrounding areas. Therefore, the image sensor TM satellite LANDSAT dated 21 and 22 December 1998 and 2010, 13 and 14 June in 1987 and 2010, maps land use and normalized vegetation index NDVI algorithm maximum likelihood Mahalanobis Distance and the minimum distance; Supervised Classification were provided. Results showed that the highest amount of use area was devoted to 1986 barren with 14.2 square kilometers and then urban use with 26.3 and afterward green space with 15.2 square kilometer area had the lowest value, whereas in 2010, the highest rate in the area was devoted to urban use with 10.27 square kilometers and then barren use with 8.68 square kilometers and finally at the end of the vegetation cover with 0.66 square kilometer had the lowest space in the area. The highest rate of changes were related to residential use with 157 percent during this period (an increase of 7 square kilometers). However, the barren land (5.52 square kilometers) and green space (1.49 square kilometer) saw a decreasing trend in surface area in 1986 to 2010. Providing buffer traced of five kilometers around the city, it was revealed that a map of vegetation index and vegetation of the area decreased over 70% (to 16.42 square kilometers) and 60 to 70 percent (to 55.13 square kilometers) whereas the area of vegetation increased less than 60% (to 56.71 square kilometer). Also overall accuracy for evaluation algorithms represented that monitor changes in the maximum likelihood and Mahalanobis Distance methods had the highest accuracy and while the minimum distance had the least accuracy in extracting triple uses of residences, barren and green space.

One of the basic priorities in rural development is the reduction of inequalities between city and villages and the villagers due to lack of services and facilities will supply their needs through repeated references to urban centers. One of the solutions for rural planners is to develop the services and some urban usages in rural areas including development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) agencies in rural centers, so that about 9721 ICT agencies are working in the villages of the country. Therefore, the aim of the study is to evaluate the role of ICT agencies in rural area of GharehPoshtlu district of Zanjan city. The research method is descriptive-analytical method and library and filed studies have been used for gathering data. Statistical society includes 9 rural points with 6417 people in GharehPoshtlu district which rural ICT agencies are placed there. The sample size was estimated 95 people by Cochran sampling method. For data analysis and testing the research hypothesis, T single sample test, path analysis model and SPSST, Exel and ARC GIS have been used. In this study, the economical, social, informative and service indicators were considered as in dependant variables and rural development index was considered as dependant variable and the role of rural agencies have been studied in three sections. The study results show that the effect coefficient of ICT agencies and rural communications on service index, informative index and economical index are 17.617, 9.898 and 8.810 respectively and such agencies affect on the development trend of rural areas through promoting the above mentioned indicators. To extend the functions of such agencies in the area, development of scientific, communication, cultural infrastructures and communication between local institutions with ICT agencies is necessary.

Iran's rural economy has confronted with various challenges since the last two decades, which one of its consequences is the difference between the expenditureas and the income of the households .In this situation, applying targeted subsidies creates changes in house hold's income and expenditures. So, it seems critical to analyze the targeted subsides' effects in order to prevent negative consequences and to increase the positive ones. This study is practical regarding the objective poin of view and its method is descriptive- analytical. The required data were gathered by field and library studies. The present study, in order to evaluate the effects of targeted subsides on the expenditures of rural households, by using multi variable regression, means comparison test and system dynamic has measured the variables or patterns of families' consumption in the villages of central part of Birjand city. The statistical society of this study is the families resident in 145 villages at central part of Birjand city. Study variables includ ing the cost of food, health, entertainment, education, cost of production, housing and transportationcost. The results show that by considering the inflation rate and average of expenses' raise, food expense's share in low and high income groups has decreaed. on the another side, production expense has increased for all three groups, especially for low income ones. Transport expense and production expense are 64% and 54%, respectively. It is highly recommended that targeted subsidie's applying method should be changed to alleviate production expense and manage consumption pattern.

The Urban Development Strategy (CDS) as a new approach to urban planning was proposed by the Coalition of Cities in1999 to boost the participation of citizens and create the good governance of urban development. In this research, the under study statististical society includes the citizens of 3 districts of Qazvin, which has been studied as random by using questionnaires and SPSS statistical software analysis at both levels of descriptive and inferential statistics with the aim of measuring the variables affecting on citizens' participation in urban development strategies process. The results obtained from non-parametric statistical analysis based on F-TEST between the relation of education and participation level in urban development indicates that the observed differences in the level of citizen's participation in urban development process in the three districts has been real and can be generalized to the statistical society and the observed differences between the income rate and participation level of citizens by F-TEST in district No.3 has not been based on the real income and can not be generalized to the statistical society. The results obtained from the relation between the recognition and participation level in decision makings and urban development through correlation coefficient in district No.3 is equal to 0.456 with a significant level of 0.000. It should be added that T test findings show a significant relation between empowerment and participation level in each under study district. As the most effective factors and structure of opportunity in strategic approach of urban development in the under study area, it can be referred to modification and changing management approach, having prospective approach together with real participation of citizens as an absolute necessity in strategic process of urban development in Qazvin.

In tourism industry, the usage changes in the coastal regions and the adverse impacts of tourism development on the environment is considered as one of the major and concerning issues. Determining the value of maximum carrying capacity for planning in order to reduce environmental damages and protect ecosystems of the coastal band of Kish island and also enhancing its entertainment quality, which has a favorable position due to its coral reefs and white beaches, seems necessary. The present article, based on the assessment of physical-ecological carrying capacity in the context of the protected districts and also assessment of socio-cultural carrying capacity by the use of video recording ICT, through presenting the desirable limit of tourist acceptance in coastal area of Kish Island, tries while minimizing the coastal biologic damages, preserves the capability of this area for supporting the recreational quality of the Island's coastal restores. Since the rules governing the coasts of Iran are different politically and ideologically from the shores of many countries, in this article, the coastal tourist carrying capacity has been organized based on two scenarios. In scenario 1, the carrying capacity has been estimated with respect to common universal standards and in the second scenario with respect to the political criteria and special ideology of Iran’s community. The results show that although a certain number of tourists can be accommodated physically in the coastal area, but with respect to natural and human limiting factors and the present legal and ideological guidelines, there exists more pressure and density in parts of the island coast and In both scenarios, which is more than the carrying capacity of the environment and the tourists.

Tourism development in rural areas as the development of any other activity entails different components. Existence of interaction between the local community and tourism are the factors effective on the tourism development. In this regard, Cultural intelligence is of effective factors influencing on the interaction of host community and tourists and its high level can provide the intent of host community and its support for tourism. On this basis, in the present study, the cultural intelligence and its effects on the support and tendency of the host community from tourism development in the villages of Roudbar-e Gasran district has been studied. The present study is an applied one and has been done using analytical descriptive methodology and in a survey manner. Our statistical society is the population of local households resident at our under-study villages, in which 276 villages have been selected as the sample and classified by random sampling method. The obtained results indicate that the cultural intelligence of statistical sample is at a desireable level and among the different aspects, strategy aspect is placed at the highest priority. Also, based on the results, it was revealed that cultural intelligence affects on the inclination and support of the host community toward tourism development which is due to the two aspects of motivation and behavior of cultural intelligence.

In the current world, one of the most important fields of change and consequently development in the individuals' social life happens through the changes in information and communication fields. it is due to the imperious contemporary people's need to awareness so that they could adapt themselves with the changes' complicated situation and rapid rate. Meanwhile, cities, especially metropolises, as the highly populated kernels and most attractive areas for living, have been deeply affected by such changes. In addition to the realization of a new pattern in cities, the establishment of smart cities made developed, creative, clean, cultural and science-oriented accessible for citizens and urban mangers. The current research integrates two specialized fields of urban services promotion and electronic city development, done in Tabriz Metropolitan. Research type is applied-developmental and its dominant approach is descriptive-analytical and causal. To collect data, field and documentary methods have been used. And, based on these, data has been gathered through 354 questionnaires in 10 districts of Tabriz. Then, using SPSS software and Likert scale, the data has been analyzed. The findings of the research indicate that after performing one sample t-test, in Tabriz City in terms of selective indices, the t value was equal to -14.974, which indicates instability of indices and the problems and challenges the city is facing in the status quo. According to the research findings, participants' attitudes show that there is a positive and significant correlation between citizens' information literacy and the acceptance of different representations of ICT and electronic city; it means that applying ICT and the city's becoming electronic can solve some part of these challenges. In addition, regarding the enhancement of information technology use and the establishment of smart cities, citizens believe that the establishment of smart city has significant effects on Tabriz urban development, and the obtained t value is 19.704. Totally speaking, more that 79% of citizens agree with the necessity of ICT development and the establishment of electronic city and their intent toward using ICT is higher. Therefore, Tabriz urban society accepts the effect of new technologies as a possibility and an opportunity for achieving promotion of urban services. Regarding the available challenges, applying IT and the city's becoming electronic as the precondition for development can help the planners and other experts involving the process of urban management and planning in different institutions for attaining and answering the new urban conditions. However, realizing the electronic city requires providing infrastructures, acculturation, training citizens of electronic commerce and etc.

A short glance on the feature of Semnan city demonstrates valuable old textures which all in a short time a go had mobility and were dynamic, happy and alive. Lack of a attention to organizing programs and revival of old textures during the successive years has caused them to lose their pervious efficiency, attractiveness and activity and be considered as problematic and challenging textures in urban cities. In this respect, the present article has been compiled to the aim of developing and prioritization of revitalization strategies of old textures. This is a descriptive- surveying research. Statistical population of the research includes experts and professionals of Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, Semnan municipality experts and some geography professors. At the first step, the appropriate indices of measuring revitalization components were obtained and at the second step, for identifying the weak and strong points, threat and opportunity, the indices were examined and measured by Student's T test, then the effective strategies of revitalization of the old textures were developed by SWOT and prioritized by FAHP. In this respect and for collecting data, two researchers made questionnaires in the form of Likert scale and paired comparison were used. Professors comments and the use of exploratory factor analysis, confirmed the content and validity of the instrument. The reliability coefficient of the instrument is calculated as 0.856, which is a good amount. For data analysis, a one way t-test, SWOT Tecqniue and analytical hierarchical fuzzy technique were used. The results indicate the three reconsideration strategies including holding workshops and information dissemination to the public and investors regarding investment opportunities, education to the residents of the old tissue regarding the maintenance of their locations and preparing a comprehensive infrastructure map for coordination of service delivery, are the most effective strategies for Revitalization of old semnan city textures.