ISLAMIC ART
Year:2021 | Volume:18 | Issue:42|Papers Count:23

Kormanj and Turkmen are two major ethnic groups in the geography of Iran. Due to the distribution of these tribes in geographical areas, they behold their own culture and cultural elements. The housing of these communities bestows specific coordinates and features. Subsequently, the construction of a house and its body and spatial order is strongly influenced by the environment and culture to which it belongs, reading and analyzing the structure and body of the architecture of houses based on the needs and culture of the indigenous people that construct that community can aid designers and assisted planners in achieving the pattern of housing structure in that border and climate. This research is theoretically applied in terms of type of purpose and in terms of method combined with a descriptive and analytic outlook. Results indicate that in the old houses of Kormanj tribes, the role of privacy and gender characteristics in the separation of spaces and boundaries are more noticeable than the houses of Turkmen tribes. Features such as privacy, gender roles, the structure of family relationships and social relations and lifestyle are among the cultural features that have played a significant role in the formation of settlements in Kormanj and Turkmen. Research aims: Comparative study of cultural factors of Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups in shaping the architecture of settlements in Bojnourd city of North Khorasan province. Recognizing the priority in physical and spatial elements in the architecture of Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups. Research questions: Which cultural factors in Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups are influential in shaping the architecture of settlements in Bojnourd city of North Khorasan province? Which cultural factors in Kormanj and Turkmen ethnic groups have the greatest impact on the physical and spatial elements of houses in these two ethnic groups and in this region, respectively?

Iran and Pakistan, as two neighboring countries, have long had extensive political and cultural ties. Undoubtedly, one of the most significant factors that has played a chief role in the outgoing relations and convergence of the two countries has been the participation in religious culture. However, in the last century, the relationship between the two countries has not always been in the form of convergence and now and then in the form of divergence. Convergent and divergent forces, which play a major role in determining the quality of national cohesion, are not separate concepts, but variables that are inversely related and affected by each other. Convergent and divergent forces play a major role in determining how and the quality of national cohesion, they are not separate concepts, nonetheless variables that are inversely related and affected by each other. This descriptive-analytical study attempts to analyze the issue of Islamic culture and art in terms of influencing the process of convergence and divergence between Iran and Pakistan. Eventually, it came to the conclusion that extremist Islamic culture and art, due to domestic, national, and international issues such as the existence of religious schools, Saudi intervention, or the US presence in Pakistan, hampered convergence with Iran and posed a challenging path especially considering the fact that Iran-India relations have more favorable and beneficial economic conditions for Iran in recent years. Research aims: An analysis on role of Islamic culture and art in the convergence and divergence of relations between Iran and Pakistan. A Study of the challenges of religious culture and art in achieving convergence between Iran and Pakistan. Research questions: Do Islamic culture and art have an effect on the convergence and divergence of relations between Iran and Pakistan? To what extent has the cultural and artistic convergence and divergence of Iran and Pakistan affected the relations between Iran and Pakistan?

Political culture is a set of existing attitudes, values, and norms about policymaking and power supporting the whole development process. Political culture is formed during the political and social life of a society and under the influence of various factors such as climatic and geographical conditions, political and social system structure, historical conditions, belief system, customs, economic system and other various circumstances. Ongoing to this procedure, the process of socialization is institutionalized and passed down from generation to generation. In Qajar Iranian society, unhealthy political culture such as patrimonialism political structure, belief in superstitions, magic and destiny were the dominant thought in society and its traces can be traced in travelogues, newspapers and works of writers and thinkers of this period. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the effect of corrupt political culture on the underdevelopment and backwardness of the Qajar period and seeks to answer the question in a descriptive-analytical manner by applying the theoretical framework of Norman Fairclough critical analysis. The findings indicate that political culture, especially in its unhealthy field (superstition) through irrationality, scientism and ignorance, are the causes of underdevelopment in the Qajar period and this issue is well reflected in the religious lithographic versions of the Qajar period. Research aims: Recognition of the discourse of the political, social and cultural structure of the Qajar period. Analysis of how the political, social and cultural structures of the Qajar period are reflected in religious lithographic versions. Research questions: What were the characteristics of the political, social and cultural structure of the Qajar period? What is the reflection of the political, social and cultural structure of the Qajar period in the religious lithographic versions of the Qajar period?

The emergence of the Ayyubid government (567-648 AH / 1172-1253 AD) occurred at a time when on the one hand the Abbasid caliphs were in the last years of their lives and were incapable of governing Islamic lands. On the other hand, the attacks of the Mongol invaders from the east and the crusaders from the west of the Islamic world added to this inability,Therefore, Salah al-Din's efforts to establish relative stability in Egypt and the Levant by reviving and consolidating the Sunni religion, especially the recapture of Jerusalem, highlighted a new perspective in the Islamic world. Due to the incoherence of art and politics of this period, no single style was created for an art such as painting. Among the surviving illustrated copies from the Ayyubid period are copies of Kelileh and Demneh, Maghamat-e Hariri and the book Mukhtar al-Hakam wa Mahasin al-Kalam. This research is carried out via a descriptive and analytical method by relying on the data of library resources. Studies show that the Ayyubid government extended its revenge on the Ismaili Fatimids to all Shiites and propagated the four Sunni religions in Egypt in a completely radical way. On the one hand, this led to the migration of Shiites to southern Egypt, the Levant, Yemen, Iran, and India, and on the purification or indigestion of other groups such as the Sufis, and on the other hand, the four Sunni religions strengthened.

Poetry and painting are arts that have a high ability to convey concepts through expression and illustration. Among these, the use of procedures such as embossed arts, play an important role in highlighting the power of cultural transmission and cultural symbols. Embossing in the word means circumstantial, a prominent and obvious place is used, and the term refers to the deviation and artistic deviation from the normal norm of language. One form of de-familiarization is embossing, and it occurs when anomaly expresses a concept,that is, to play a role. According to Russian formalists, abnormality or metanormativity is one of the most effective methods of literary prominence in poetry. The present study intends to deal with the place of archeology and mythical symbols in embossed arts (poetry and painting) through descriptive-analytical methods. Research findings show that archaism and mythical symbols have been habituated in linguistic and semantic highlights such as phoneme, word and phrase repetition,also, features such as recognition, irony, metaphor, simile and sensuality exist all that provided prominence in poetry. In painting, the symbols of antiquity and myth are more protruding.

Education methods are one of the most significant topics today, the main purpose of which is to find new solutions to improve the quality of learning. Iran's educational structures have not changed much in recent decades and one of the main reasons is the unfamiliarity of professors with new teaching methods. Iranian architecture education, similar to other sciences, is associated with its own problems and complexities. To conduct this research, via an inductive analysis of theoretical content, primary, various methods of teaching, review and theoretical and practical classification have been done, then each in two categories, including methods and practical solutions, is modeled and the content framework of their constituents is specified. In the method section, our goal is to determine the general framework for the formation of its thematic content in terms of the intended educational method. In the process option, the application and the procedure of using the mentioned method and possible tools in that educational process are specified. In the next step, the selected cases have been comparatively evaluated based on the effective criteria in Iranian architectural education, with the aim of finding possible potentials for future research. Finally, after the theoretical analysis of educational methods with effective structural criteria many potentials have been identified, among which the problem-based method is one of the valid solutions,however, an accurate evaluation of each category requires further research.

Wood has been one of the practical elements in the culture of Iranian architecture since ancient times and in various areas, its usage has amplified significantly and is considered as one of the most widely used decorative materials in Bushehr in such a way that many additional elements of the historical buildings of this city, including doors, windows, shutters and closes are made of wood. In the city of Bushehr, due to the need for ventilation and air blinds, the number of opening areas in the building have greatly increased. These openings, which are made and decorated with wood, played an imperative role in creating the beauty and visual diversity of the city. Unfortunately, due to the low resistance of wood to other building materials, many of these decorative structures in the building have been destroyed or damaged due to environmental conditions. Therefore, recognizing and collecting diverse types of these decorations in the city of Bushehr, that beholds a unique and exclusive architecture is one of the requirements of researchers in related fields. This research has been conducted via a descriptive-analytical method and by the use of valid library resources and field studies. Findings showed that in decorating doors and windows, form art as well as patterns that have plant and geometric content have been used more than other arts,hence, the use of Islamic motifs in the decoration of these elements is much less and human and animal motifs are less used in the specimens under study.

Education methods are one of the most significant topics today, the main purpose of which is to find new solutions to improve the quality of learning. Iran's educational structures have not changed much in recent decades and one of the main reasons is the unfamiliarity of professors with new teaching methods. Iranian architecture education, similar to other sciences, is associated with its own problems and complexities. To conduct this research, via an inductive analysis of theoretical content, primary, various methods of teaching, review and theoretical and practical classification have been done, then each in two categories, including methods and practical solutions, is modeled and the content framework of their constituents is specified. In the method section, our goal is to determine the general framework for the formation of its thematic content in terms of the intended educational method. In the process option, the application and the procedure of using the mentioned method and possible tools in that educational process are specified. In the next step, the selected cases have been comparatively evaluated based on the effective criteria in Iranian architectural education, with the aim of finding possible potentials for future research. Finally, after the theoretical analysis of educational methods with effective structural criteria many potentials have been identified, among which the problem-based method is one of the valid solutions,however, an accurate evaluation of each category requires further research.

The arrival of capitalism in Iran was accompanied by extensive changes in the economic system. While the structure of the country's production in the early Qajar period was based on the production of agricultural products and handicrafts and its export, recently with serious decline and damage, the country became a major importer from European countries and Russia. Attempts to internalize capitalism failed with the closure of domestic factories, and the inability of the private sector to compete with foreign capitalism led to the profitability of trade based on imports, rents, and the stock market. As a result, the country's architecture and urban planning are focused on two aspects: one is the increase in the population of cities and the need to develop them, which was accompanied by new street construction and the presence of buildings with new functions. An event that led to the land exchange and emphasized the separation of social classes. Second, the indirect impact of foreign capitalism, which led to the presence of European citizens in Iranian cities and intensified the process of acquainting Iranians with the culture and manifestations of Western civilization. The construction of foreign embassies and houses of European character is one of its examples. In this research, with interpretive-historical methods and logical reasoning, the interrelationship between the economic situation and the architectural and urban development developments of Iranian cities in the Qajar period has been studied. A relationship that not only affects the shape of cities and the appearance of buildings, but is also accompanied by broad socio-political and cultural ties that have made its consequences more complex and influential.

An enhanced environment will lead to a more desirable education, thus, in parallel with the development of educational systems and programs, the environmental model of learning spaces must also evolve. The issue of education and the urgent need to improve the quality of education in recent years, has been studied from various dimensions. What is known today as the physical model of the school in Iran in some cases has not been able to attract and encourage people to attend continuously and usefully in that space, which has caused a decrease in positive student performance. The present study was conducted in two conducts: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative part is done by content analysis method and the quantitative part is done by descriptive-experimental method. The statistical population of the present study included six schools in Toronto-Canada with different percentages of performance from weak to strong based on the national exam held by the education of that country in different neighborhoods. Using a cluster random sampling method, 180 grade ten students were selected. From the previous researches and the opinion of the professors of architecture and psychology, the main criteria and sub-criteria were extracted and used in a closed questionnaire containing 38 questions. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, inferential statistics and frequency distribution modeling were used. For this purpose, SPSS22 software was used to check the descriptive statistics and Smart Pls3 software was used to check the research hypotheses. The results confirmed the model fit. The results of data analysis showed that the physical quality of modern educational environments has a direct and consistent effect on student performance and building form, internal and external communication and motor circulation were the most influential factors. The study of all factors presented that proper design of the architecture of educational spaces is a solution to increase student productivity and improve their academic success.

The Sardar Qazvin School-Mosque in Qazvin is one of the architectural works remaining from the Qajar period. This structure beholds inscriptions that reflect various concepts. Throughout the history of Iranian architecture in the Islamic era, the art of calligraphy witnessed a significant place in inscriptional arts that observe aesthetic values. In a number of cases, the message of the architectural space is conveyed through the use of inscriptions. In this way, in the decoration of the facade, both in terms of appearance and from the spiritual point of view, by using the names of the Imams, the noble verses of the Holy Quran and the poetry of praise all significantly grant a distinct shape and form to historical structures. In the meantime, it is vital to study the nature of the inscriptions of Sardar Mosque-School in terms of conceptual values. In this regard, a thematic study of the calligraphy used in the mosque-school of Sardar Qazvin based on cultural and social themes should be presented. Therefore, the location of the inscriptions, the content of the hadiths and poems and the reason for choosing each have been considered. The research method is interpretive-historical and the argument is inferential. The findings of the research indicate that in this mosque-school, all varieties of inscriptions have been used in religious and epic themes. By studying these inscriptions, common cultural and social patterns in the quality of social and artistic interactions of the Qajar period are revealed.

The literature of every population express their attitude towards individual and social personalities and categories. Fiction is one of the most central branches of literature in Iran, the study of which plays an important role in recognizing cultural elements and perspectives. Fictional characters are presented in a literary text through the attribution of individual, social and cultural characteristics among many other features. In the meantime, dissimilar views on the personality of women can be percieved in the narrative and poetic chronicles of ancient Iranian literature. Examining the role of women in most popular epic stories, role-playing and reflecting their different appearances in the stories are among the topics that has always been debated by experts and researchers. One of the literary sources that has considered this issue is Baysanghari Shahnameh. This Shahnameh is the ancient version of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh belonging to the Timurid period, the ninth century AH, completed following the principals and innovations of the Herat (Khorasan) School of Painting. This research whilst following a descriptive-analytical method and collecting information via library method seeks to address various aspects of women's personality and traits, including love, fascination, beauty, charm, monarchy, patriarchy, marriage, conceit, chastity, infidelity and unfaithfulness. Examining the two paintings of "Zal and Rudabeh" and "The Meeting of Ardashir and Golnar" in the Shahnameh of Baysanghar are the main research material of this paper. The results of this study indicate that the presence of women in the Shahnameh of Baysanghari have given a distinct fairness to this famous poetic artwork,moreover, Ferdowsi has described women in his Shahnameh with more unique features than women of his time.

Painting, as one of the highest examples of visual culture, has a powerful visual language, which both affects the narrative based on the literature of the work and bestows special capacities in visual and artistic expression. Iranian painting has emerged from literature, but has created its own unique reading of the narrative. The artist uses his arrangements to visually translate the literary narrative, and to place it in front of the audience, the visual reading relies on observation. Using the iconic Max Imdahl’, s method, the narration of the work is suspended so that the main essence of the work and its meaning can be understood by observation. Hence, perception through the image is opposed to image awareness as a result of which the preconceptions about the image are suspended and the act of seeing is placed as the main element of receiving and creating meaning. The research in this research is based on descriptive-analytical method and data collection method, documentary libraries and internet survey. The findings of this study are based on the three principles of face structure analysis, scene arrangement and perspective projection resulting in subjective perceptions of objective reality, lack of perspective of the depicted world and design principles by the Iranian artist, an example of this mental worldview. In the scene makeup. For case study, three paintings "Killing Esfandiar Arjasb", "Yusuf and Zuleykha" and "Sama Dervish" have been selected.

The concept of beauty is undoubtedly one of the most fundamental aspects of art. Numerous philosophers and scientists throughout the history of philosophy have perceived the concept of beauty and expressed their notions, which according to the intellectual foundations of each philosopher, various theories have emerged about this category. Beauty was also considered by Islamic philosophers and sages from the very first days when philosophical thought became popular among Muslims. This attention, which on the one hand was due to the religious view of Islam and the religious principles of Muslims, and on the other hand was due to their philosophical perceptions of the works of Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus, created specific views in a beautiful sense. Peripatetic and Enlightenment thought along with the ideas of the two great philosophers Avicenna and Suhrawardi are the most significant philosophical schools in Iran and the Islamic world. The present research has been accomplished by descriptive and analytical methods and relying on the data of library resources. The research findings indicate that these philosophers, along with all the general philosophical issues and questions, also had ideas and views regarding aesthethics. Their thoughts on art and aesthetics can be deduced from the explanation of the place of imagination and memory, and from the heart of mystery and mystic-poetry and literature. Suhrawardi's philosophy of light and Avicenna's aesthetics can be seen in a number of Islamic artworks, including art of the Safavid period (1355-1907 AH). Iranian art experienced one of its glorious eras during the Safavid period, and religious and mystical concepts played a pivotal role.

The structure of cities has been influenced by various economic, social and cultural factors since the emergence of the first cities. Over time, these factors have undergone changes and transformations. Efforts to achieve a suitable model of the Islamic city that can meet the needs of today's society have been raised as one of the concerns of researchers in the field of urban planning and Islamic studies in recent decades. Identifying the characteristics of the Islamic city in the time of the Prophet (PBUH) as the founder of Islam, can help identify this pattern. This research has been done by a descriptive and analytical method based on library data via a comparative-historical method and has studied the examples of the first early cities of Islamic history such as Mecca and Medina. Previous studies show that the city at the time of the Prophet was more known for the function of its components, especially the mosque, rather than for its physical components. The use of the method of transgression in order to divide the earth is the technique that has led to the formation of the principle of spatial and territorial hierarchy in such cities. In terms of function, the mosque is formed in a hierarchical manner, following the method of Taqtit, with an open space pattern for urban events, and acts as the most important urban space in this period. Without doubt, in the following periods after the Holy Prophet (PBUH)-we see the decline of the importance of the mosque in its physical aspect.

Indisputably, beauty is one of the fundamental elements of art in various societies. This issue has instigated researchers in various periods to attempt to analyze the criteria of beauty in works of art in various ways. In Europe, the Renaissance can be considered as one of the brightest eras of art and exquisiteness. Painting was one of the most chief arts and Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most significant painters of this period. The Last Supper of Christ is one of the most significant events in Christianity. Many artists throughout history have addressed the issue, one of the most imperative of which is Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper mural. The prominence of this work is such that it has been analyzed and studied from diverse aspects. In Medieval Art and Beauty, Umberto Eco discusses the formation of art and its broad angles. The formation of Renaissance art owes much to medieval tradition and art. On the other hand, the theories and ideas of Umberto Eco in the twentieth century, which is mainly an explanation of beauty, show a new perspective on the intellectual infrastructure of Renaissance artists, which is especially evident in the theory of Da Vinci art. The present study has investigated this issue in a descriptive and analytical manner based on library sources. In the present study, quantitative criteria in Da Vinci Art Theory include the use of symmetry, proportionality, perspective, and applied principles of mathematics in field of art. The results indicate that Umberto Eco's aesthetic theories underlie the formation of Renaissance theories and art, especially in the formation of Da Vinci's works, a case study of which is The Last Supper.

Art is the true manifestation of the characteristics of the culture of any nation, and the flourishing of any civilization finds its reflection in the past tradition in art. In this position, the tradition of immutable principles is derived from culture, the manifestation of which can be seen at different times and places. From this point of view, any work of art, including architecture, is no exception to this rule,It contains a message that understanding this message means success in interpreting the effect. Part of this success is due to the discovery of hidden dimensions of the work (influential social layers) and the other part is due to the understanding of design. The research approach is quantitative and analyzes the spatial system in the native housing of Qajar in Isfahan with a combined descriptive-analytical strategy in case samples and logical reasoning using intertextual principles and space syntax technique. The results of the research show that with a comprehensive look at the spatial organization of Islamic architecture, it is possible to achieve a model of housing architecture suitable for the future of Islamic architecture in Iran.

After the advent of Islam, this religion had a cultural, economic, social and political impact on societies. Under the influence of Islam, art underwent changes in societies and became famous under the term “, Islamic art”, . Therefore, Islamic art repeatedly focuses on generating beauty with the aid of abstract designs and the usage of letters. During this period, due to the relative limitations of other arts such as painting, music, sculpture, and sometimes even their prohibition, Muslims began to develop various methods in abstract fields. In the Abbasid period, as one of the most brilliant eras of Islamic civilization and culture, all categories of arts, including calligraphy, architecture and music received much attention,as so that the palaces of the caliphs were fortified with works of art and the gathering of artists. The Abbasid caliphs were influenced by the Iranian culture in all fields and supported artists of the former Sassanid court and rewarded them. In a way, art reached its perfection in this era. The components of Islamic art in the Abbasid period include: urban planning, painting, calligraphy, music, textile and Tiraz (inscribed fabrics). The present research has been accomplished via a descriptive and analytical methods by relying on the data of library resources. The findings of the research indicate that in this period, painting of the Baghdad school reached its greatest, furthermore, the interest of the Abbasid caliphs towards architectural values led to its growth, and in the field of textiles, the reflection of political and social changes initiated the development of Tiraz.

Contemporary writers, based on their inner and outer feelings, study significant issues and topics and present their findings in the form of artistic works. Fictional works of their kind can express many personal developments and cultural customs and beliefs,therefore, a vigilant study of literary works, particularly fiction created in various historical periods, can play an important role in the behavior and anthropology of society. Majid Qaisari is one of the contemporary writers in the field of short stories, whose works can be considered as key arguments in the analysis of people's personalities and their behavior. On the other hand, it has an influence on the deep understanding of the dominant culture on the individual's living community. The present research is composed via a descriptive and analytical method and relies on the data of library resources. In this paper, Majid Qaisari's literary works are studied based on the personality of his characters and their emotional reactions in six short stories (Wandering Calf, Green Oud, Agent, False Fraction, Crystal, Elamite Travelogue). Findings show that the characters of Majid Qaisari's short story, in the face of natural and peculiar occurring events, attempt to cope with stressful situations in an exciting way. These strategies work by endeavoring to eliminate or reduce the source of stress or distracting the person from the demanding situation. The components that the characters of the story face have a mythical aspect and a cultural background and demonstrate that people are looking for a safe haven to escape from fear and stress and seek to find sanctuary in its shadow,Hence, they turn to myths that early humans represented and believed they are are powerful symbols associated with the spiritual realms.

Archaeological studies behold a significant position in the analysis and recognition of economic, social and cultural history in antiquity. The use of oil in Iran dates back to ancient times, in the meantime, archaeological evidence plays an important role in clarifying this issue. According to ancient Iranian sacred texts, the word oil is derived from the word Penta in the Avesta. The results of archeological excavations and the report of historians indicate that the inhabitants of the Iranian plateau have been familiar with oil since approximately seven thousand years BC. Thus, it is central to study the effect of oil and its derivatives on the cultural developments of ancient Iran in this specific period,hence, discovering and applying this natural raw material and its impact on the material, cultural, political, religious and economic effects of Iranian societies in this period is noteworthy study. The ancient period from the rule of the Elamites to the Sassanid period is an imperative part of the developments of ancient times, the study of how oil was used in this historical period can reveal important points about the use of oil in Iran. This research has been completed by a descriptive and analytical method and based on field studies and library resources. The method of data analysis has been qualitative and, in this regard, a historical approach has been used in data analysis. The results of studies show that oil was used for lighting, heat, mortar in buildings, bitumen ships, create decorative vessels and ornaments, treat diseases and many more usages. Most of the bitumen works obtained in Iran belong to the Elamites and Achaemenid civilizations.

From time immemorial, the issue of energy management has been a human concern in architecture. The concern of the outer layers of a structure is of particular importance since it is regarded as the first external element of the building in energy management issues. The study of historical monuments in Iran demonstrates that this dispute has been considered by architects in the past. Shiraz, one of the ancient cities of Iran, behods many historical and traditional buildings. The issue that can be raised here is the application of new methods in energy consumption with skylights of traditional buildings in Shiraz. This research seeks to answer this question in a descriptive and analytical manner with a quantitative and qualitative approach. Due to this standing, in the present study, the optimal percentage of openings, prime angle of louvers and ideal glass in a high-rise residential building has been simulated using Design Builder software. For this purpose, initially, for the optimal percentage of openings, the percentage of exterior windows from 0% to 100% each with a step of 10% was examined, then to determine the best Louvre angle in the building on three fronts: south, east and west, 17 different modes,the Louvre angle was considered and in order to determine the optimal glass in the outer wall of the building for their effect on the cooling load of the building, three types of glass were selected. Due to the fact that skylights have had the necessary efficiency in traditional architecture and have been used for years and the results of their use are known, and most traditional methods of lighting and light control can be replaced with new procedures. The outer layer is designed with the same function and quality, consequently the methods that were used in the past in the design of skylights in buildings can be re-modeled for new buildings.

Houshang Ebtehaj (Sayeh), a contemporary lyric poet who also has successful works in composing poetry in the "Nimai" style, has been noticed more than any other contemporary lyrical poet by famous poets and masters and his works have been admired and encouraged. Attractive and charming themes, similes and metaphors and novel images, fluent and rhythmic language, well-composed and all in tune with the sonnet, are the characteristics of his poetry. He has also experimented with Hafez's poetry style, and has written poems with new and innovative themes and content,as in many of his poems can be seen the influence of Hafez in his thematic compositions. The present research is composed by descriptive and analytical methods by relying on the data of library resources. The findings of the study, based on the illustrated version of Hafez at the International Center for Microfilm Noor, indicate Hafez's profound influence on the themes that Houshang Ebtehaj has chosen for his poetry. The use of pictorial metaphors is one of the characteristics of Hafez's lyric poems, which can also be seen in Houshang Ebtehaj's poems.

Today, visual media plays an important role in depicting the cultural atmosphere of societies. In the ups and downs of the birth of cultures, anti-cultural propaganda is formed. The question that can be raised here is what factors and components play a role in transforming the discourse of a cultural propaganda into an anti-propaganda? In addition, through what mechanism does this change take place? Also, what, in principle, are the distinguishing components in the nature of an anti-propaganda? In order to achieve the desired goal, this study examines the role of visual, written elements and common or different components in designing an advertisement such as story, image, text and also the role of other elements such as slogan or text, time, place, space and other elements. Hence, this paper by studying the mentioned fundamentals seeks to analyze the form and structure of such phenomenon. The present study follows a library method and social research as well as the historiographical approach with descriptive and analytical methods. The results of this study indicate that the effective criteria for creating errors in understanding the advertising message lead to linguistic, functional and mental fallacies in cultural advertising. Whereas it is assumed that the transmission of concepts in a promotional work in the visual media is left to the components of text and image,moreover, the studies of this study also show that if the amount in the selection of these elements is inattentive to the culture and attitude of the society and does not pay attention to other factors such as the time of screening and the type of media selected, the advertising effect will not be acknowledged by the audience and will grow into an anti-advertiser.