JOURNAL OF CRITICAL LITERATURE AND HUMANITIES
Year:2022 | Volume:22 | Issue:6|Papers Count:21

The present paper has been written with the aim of analyzing and reviewing the Persian translation of ‘, An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics’,by Jahanshah Mirzabeigi (2018). Analyzing the English version of the book revealed that, although it is one of the main and well-known textbooks in the field, it has some deficiencies among which we can mention insufficient attention to the basic principles and assumptions of cognitive linguistics, language universals and linguistic diversity from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, embodiment and the embodied basis of language and cognition. Also, although some issues in cognitive semantics, such as metaphor, metonymy, image schemas, and conceptual blending, are well addressed in the book, some other issues such as force dynamics are neglected. Analyzing the Persian translation of the book showed that there are some deficiencies and drawbacks, the most important of which are: inappropriate equivalents for certain technical and non-technical terms, relatively considerable errors in translation of words, expressions, and sentences, and numerous errors in intra-and extra-textual references. In this regard, it is suggested that the book should be revised in terms of spelling, eloquence, and translation accuracy.

Conceptual classification of words is one of the topics that has long been considered by researchers in the field of conceptology and terminology. The present study was conducted with the aim of conceptual classification of Persian derivative and compound words and for this purpose, 660 derivative and compound words that were extracted from the ‘, A dictionary of Persian orthography and spelling’,(Sadeghi and Zandi-Moghaddam, 2015) by systematic random sampling have been analyzed and examined based on two conceptual classifications presented by Felber (1984) and Weissenhofer (1995). The results of this analysis showed that these two classifications are not able to cover all research data and only part of the data can be classified based on them. Then, in order to eliminate the shortcomings of these two classifications and achieve a comprehensive conceptual system, conceptualization was performed on the data, which resulted in the identification of 54 separate underlying concepts, which was finally presented in the form of a systematic classification model. In this model, all identified concepts are organized into five general groups: (1) Process, which itself is divided into two main categories of action and event,(2) Entity, which itself includes the two major categories of physical entity and abstract entity,(3) Relationship,(4) Status,and (5) Property.

Because of its clear presentation of topics, comprehensive scope and its illustrative application of theories, “, Language, Mind and Culture: A Practical Introduction”,by Zoltá, n Kö, vecses has secured its place as a textbook of Cognitive Linguistics. That is why the book has been translated into Persian. However, its erroneous Persian translation has not managed to preserve the original book’, s merits and has sometimes misinformed or even misled the reader. Most of the problems with the Persian translation constitute formal defects, including conspicuous misspellings and wrong equivalents for proper nouns, and content mistakes, including wrong renderings of general and technical terms and incorrect translations that produced vague or even unintelligible sentences. After giving a broad outline of the original and its contents, the present review has enumerated the various types of the defects in its Persian translation with numerous examples in order to illustrate and correct some of its critical flaws and also to put forward a proposal for the total revision of the translation.

A book review is an academic tradition to evaluate the thinkers' contributions to the field of research. It not only improves the reviewer's level of conscious reading, but also evaluates the context in which the book was written to form an opinion on the author's views. Therefore, a good review is more than just a summary of the contents. The present book review aims at describing and evaluating the book entitled “, Research in Language and Linguistics”,(Theoretical and Practical) by Ferdows Aghagolzadeh. In this way, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the book without any bias. By asking the question 'what issues of research methodology does the author raise in this book', the article tries to review the form and content of the book based on the descriptive-critical method. In addition to advantages such as observing rules and principles of writing and aligning the content with defined goals of the book, the shortcomings include not using a well-established method in providing the content and not classifying the research types based on purpose, research methods, levels and types of information.

“, Ecolinguistics: Language, Ecology and the Stories We Live by”, , written by the British linguist and ecologist Arran Stibbe, is the second edition of the book that was first published in 2015 by Routledge and was one of the most prominent works focused on this relatively new interdisciplinary field of applied linguistics. The book, in its second edition (Stibbe, 2021), is organized in eleven chapters and, together with the appendix of the sources of data and the glossary of technical terms at the end of the book, contains a total of 260 pages. The present article will first give a brief overview of the background of the term “, ecolinguistics”, , and the advent of this field and the scope of its studies,that is because, as is often the case with many scientific disciplines, this cover term and its other related terms have been used in various senses since the emergence of the field. The content of the book in its second edition will then be looked at in detail.

This article presents a critical review of the Farsi translation of the book “, Lexical Pragmatics and Theory of Mind: The Acquisition of Connectives”,authored by Sandrine Zufferey. Theory of Mind is one of the most important research areas within the domain of cognitive psychology that studies humans’,abilities in understanding mental states of themselves and others. The book takes a multidisciplinary approach to explore different aspects of pragmatics and Theory of Mind interface. In the present article, the translated book was evaluated in terms of structure, form, and content. Merits of the book include: having a fluent and readable translation, acceptable precision of translation, footnoting technical terms and proper names, having bilingual glossaries, and acceptable editing. On the other hand, inconsistent use of equivalents, inconsistent print quality and poor bookbinding, and the existence of typographical and grammatical errors are among the shortcomings of the book. Overall, by introducing a novel area and offering a fluent translation, the book is evaluated positively. It can be an invaluable resourcefor Persian speaking researchers for doing interdisciplinary research at the interface of language and Theory of Mind.

This article aims to review the book “, Noam Chomsky: nature and language”, , edited by Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi. Despite all the ups and downs during the past seven decades, generative grammar is still recognized as the dominant language studies approach, particularly in North America. In the course of this book, first, a general outline of generative grammar is introduced. It follows by roots of the generative theory language, its prospects, and the challenges ahead. It then continues with an interview with Noam Chomsky done by the editors of the volume, raising critical issues about generative linguistics and the future of the theory. This article includes an overview of theoretical linguistics, emphasizing the evolution of generative grammar. Next, the structure and content of the book are examined, followed by an evaluation of the appearance and content. At the end of the article, the overall view on this book is concluded.

English language teaching in MA level, which is considered as one of the most popular majors in the Iranian academic setting with a five-decade life, has experienced three programs so far. The latest program, which was adopted in 2016 by the Council for the Transformation and Promotion of the Humanities, became operational from the beginning of the 2017-18 academic year, after three decades of the implementation of the second program, and is supposed to be revised after five years. Due to the importance of such a belated change in the program, this article attempts to critically examine and analyze the views of twelve faculty members working in state universities, which are operating this field of study, through participatory model. The findings, which have been analyzed in three categories including a) course titles, b) syllabi, and c) resources, indicate that in addition to the significant advantages of the new program in terms of attention to new subjects, revision of goals and syllabi, more attention to the Iranian context, etc., there are still noticeable shortcomings such as course titles, the selection and presentation of the syllabi as well as the suggested resources. Based on the findings, the authors conclude that the micro and macro goals of the program will not be achieved without due attention to such weaknesses. Finally, some suggestions have been proposed regarding the revision and improvement of the program.

The verb is one of the important pillars of grammar, the structure of which is disputed by grammarians. Hence, research to remove ambiguity has become one of the most important necessities of grammar. In this article, with a comparative study of verb structure in both Persian and Spanish, with regard to the verbs of the book "El libro de los abrazos" and its Persian translation, first the cause of disagreement about verb structure, then the way out of them provide an appropriate comparative classification of verb properties in both languages. During the research, it was found that the main reason for the disagreement about the structure of the verb is related to the type of division of language morphemes by the experts and the position of the preposition in it. After reviewing, we put the preposition below the lexical morpheme and considered the result of noun / adjective / adverb / verb / preposition+ verb as "compound verb" and the result of noun / adjective / adverb + derivative verbs as "derivative verb". In addition to providing a comparative division of verb structure in two languages and removing ambiguities about derivative and compound verbs, it became clear what the reason for the frequency of compound verbs in Persian compared to Spanish was.

Book evaluation is considered a prerequisite to developing or republicating educational books. Therefore, utilizing an evaluation checklist, 12 university professors, selected through purposive and convenience sampling, evaluated two ESP books in nursing, published by Oxford University Press and SAMT. The findings of the qualitative analysis revealed that the book published by SAMT, no longer seems suitable for today's students. Quantitative analysis indicated that Mean score given to SAMT’, s book was significantly lower than Oxford’, s. Despite the lack of visual appeal and audio-video files, little variety in the teaching and testing methods, with the old reading-oriented approach, without paying attention to phonetics and grammatical issues, and being far from the language teaching theories, this book has recently been republished for the nineteenth time. Although the problems underlined in SAMT’, s book are not observed in the Oxford’, s, this book is not error-free, either. It does not fully meet the needs of Iranian students since its major focus is on language use in the career-related contexts with an equal attention to all skills. This comparison can help the authors and syllabus designers in the field of nursing to prepare, compile, and edit books, using the strengths of the existing books.

Since textbooks are one of the main learning resources in any curriculum, evaluating them for the benefit of the author and the audience, as well as their effect on students’,performance is an essential and valuable undertaking. This article evaluates “, English for the Students of Fabric and Garment Design and Sewing Technology”,book authored by Akram Nasher (2017), from English for Specific Purposes (ESP) books series. To this end, the book was evaluated based on Mahmoodi and Ahmadisafa’, s model (1393). Also, according to the model and for the purpose of gaining experts’,views in the field, the researchers conducted semistructured interviews with three Fabric and Garment Design experts from Art, Al-Zahra and Science and Culture Universities of Tehran. The results indicated that despite problems and shortcomings in the texts, exercises and activities, the book has enough educational adequacy and can be used as a source of Specific English. At the same time,however, it requires serious revision in order to eliminate the existing deficiencies. To fulfill this need, the researchers and experts have made useful suggestions.

In Europe, in the early twentieth century, especially during and after World War I, colonial powers such as Britain witnessed their colonies fighting and protesting against the colonial rule. In Ireland, meanwhile, in April 1916, a nationwide uprising called Easter Uprising against British colonial rule took place. Although the colonialists suppressed the uprising, the aftershocks of that were reflected in Irish society and literature. As the national poet of Ireland, William Butler Yeats opposed the British colonial discourse in his aesthetic world, and in his poems by creating a mythical world, he was able to reflect the important issues of his time and oppose the colonial system. Therefore, in this study, using the postcolonial reading, an attempt has been made to draw a picture of Yeats’,policy of resistance in the poem “, Easter, 1996”,and several other works of this Irish poet. This study also shows how the process of decentralization in “, Easter 1916”,leads to a deconstruction of colonial power and the defense of the Irish people.

The present study is the result of a content analysis on the book“,Testing English Language Skills, From Theory to Practice”,written by Farhady, Jafarpour, and Birjandi. This book is one of the most widely-used textbooks selected by language instructors for the testing courses of TEFL, Translation, and English literature majors. Using McDonough, Shaw, and Masuhara’, s (2013) textbook evaluation framework, the authors carried out both internal and external evaluations of the claims made by the authors in the preface of the book. The claims included: using lucid language, comprehensive coverage, a desirable organization of the materials presented and a direct relevance to the Iran’, s context. Furthermore, the textbook was also analyzed based on its physical appearance, content, and methodology. The strengths and weaknesses in each domain were categorized and presented. At the end, some recommendations have been made to the authors, in case of any future editions of the textbook by the authors.

In different legal systems, there are two main bases for retrial. Most legal systems, such as France, Italy, Germany, and Jordan, have chosen the basis of the "authority of res judicata". However, in the Iranian legal system, the basis for retrial is "the finality of the sentences". According to studies, the "authority of res judicata", in line with the philosophy of retrial, ie the provision of judicial justice, is a comprehensive basis on which all decisions of judicial and non-judicial authorities and arbitration due to the "Res judicata" cannot be re-heard can be retried. But in Iranian law, many court decisions, such as "final warrants that are a permanent impediment to the re-sue", "writ of disposal of a suit", "arbitral awards" and "consent judgment", while having Res judicata, because they are not considered "sentences", they cannot be a retrial. However, considering that these decisions can be retried, the philosophy of retrial and the provision of judicial justice requires that these decisions also be a retrial. Therefore, to ensure judicial justice and adopt a comprehensive basis in determining the jurisdiction of retrials, in line with most legal systems, amend Article 426 of the Code of Civil Procedure and identify the criterion of "Res judicata" as a basis for retrial is necessary.

The distinction between civil and commercial practices and the identification of commercial activities and transactions have long been the source of many effects that have gradually been accepted in most legal systems in a codified form and also in the form of commercial laws. The book “, Commercial Law”, , Volume 1 has been compiled in accordance with the Iranian Commercial Code, stating the basics of commercial law and focusing on the rights and duties of businessmen, and identifying commercial practices for the undergraduate law course. The critique of the present book has been done using the known criteria and characteristics in order to evaluate the book and to identify its strengths and weaknesses in order to promote and improve the research. One of the most important shortcomings of the book is the lack of comprehensiveness of content and the weakness of analytical discussions, which has overshadowed the reasons for compiling the work. Since the book in question is one of the academic books, the need to complete and upgrade it will definitely be useful for both the author and the students. It is hoped that some issues will be modified in future editions.

Governments have commitments with respect to the natural rights of individuals. The right to religion and the right to knowledge are two of the citizens’,natural rights which can be defined in compliance with the constitution. Hence, religion and knowledge are among the subject matters of fundamental rights in the Iranian as well as the French revolution. Each of the two revolutions has enjoyed the concept of faith and ideology to such an extent that they have influenced various areas and arenas after the revolution. Therefore, this paper is based on the hypothesis that the two revolutions of 1789 and 1979, one being against religion and the other for it, have had similar impacts on culture and in particular public understanding. In this regard, paying attention to the central role of the state commitments in strengthening and reducing the costs of a believer citizen can serve as an explanation concerning the extent of such impact in the present situation.

“, Islamic Jurisprudence and Human Rights" is a valuable collection of articles by authors that was presented at the conference on the transcendent approach of Islamic jurisprudence to human rights and was embellished by the efforts of Mohammad Reza Bagherzadeh. The method of critique on this book is citation-analytical and according to the model of the Council for Reviewing Humanities Texts and Books in the framework of general introduction, form and content review of the work. One of the key questions and constant concerns among religious and non-religious intellectuals is the compatibility or incompatibility of Islamic teachings with human rights. The book's articles, in a remarkable synergy, seek to prove the view that the notion of incompatibility stems from unfamiliarity with pure Islamic thought,the capacities hidden in jurisprudence, if used properly, can make a significant contribution to the development of human rights. Despite its many advantages, the book also faces weaknesses, which are: in terms of general structure and arrangement of axes and titles, the lack of jurisprudential dimension of some articles, and in some cases, confusion between the legal system and human rights. Inadequacy of some citations, unrelated topics and lack of focus on solving challenging topics.

Following the methods of differentiation (specialization) in criminal law is a necessary thing that has been achieved in many other legal systems. One of the areas in which the differentiation of criminal procedure should be manifested in its territory is technical and specialized crimes, and this study has examined one of the green crimes as one of its examples. In this study, it was concluded that in our systemic law, there are manifestations of differentiation from private to technical and specialized crimes in the form of specialized courts, but since terrorism is still achieved in our systemic law. The independent form of criminalization is also assigned to the trial and has special regulations, there is a serious weakness in our legislative system. In addition to the effects, the anticipation of requirements such as increasing the number of specialized green courts and specialized courts and eliminating specialized courts in dealing with green crimes, the use of specialized judges and officers, and the Special Police for Environmental and Continuing Education. Their recognition of the right to reason and objection to votes for green poison can be used to differentiate between green crimes and the realization of real criminal policy.

After a decade of drafting the bill "Dignity and Protection of Women against Violence", the bill is on the agenda of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iranian Parliament). This article considers "a critique of the bill from the standpoint of principles and rules of legislation" as its main mission. The analysis method is descriptive-analytical. This article focuses on the legislative policies as a view of the desired quality of legislation in the Iranian legal system. The results of the article show that the bill is not very defensible in terms of adherence to the principles of legislation. Non-observance of depuration principles, confusion of the status of law and legal document, excessive use of criminal tools, and ambiguity in some concepts and titles are the most important of these criticisms. The provisions of the bill have been drafted ignoring the requirements of upstream national documents and without considering the requirements of the hierarchy of norms of the Iranian legal system. It seems that if approved, the bill will result in the implementation of a cultural disorder and the induction of a critical situation of violence in Iranian society and an increase in international attacks.

Implementing the rules and regulations of Sharia in the legal system of modern governments has always been associated with challenges such as non-compliance with the new rules of human rights. Challenges like these can be seen in the human rights reports of UN rapporteurs. The main concern of the reporters regarding the situation of human rights rules in those countries that seek to implement the rules of Sharia in their legal system seems to be a kind of adaptation and compliance of Sharia rules with human rights principles which is generally referred to as the compatibility of Islamic rules with the needs and requirements of the modern government. In order to achieve a theoretical gap between Muslim legal thinkers and human rights reporters, this study seeks to examine whether the rules of Sharia have the capacity to adapt to the new needs and requirements of modern governments. For this purpose, this study relies on the descriptive and analytical method of the intellectual foundations of three Muslim thinkers with different approaches and in addition to a critical analysis of Dr. Rahman's article. Finally, it can be concluded that by analyzing the works of two other thinkers, capacities for modeling the adaptation process can be extracted.