JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (KERMAN)
Year:2007 | Volume:NEW | Issue:21 (18)|Papers Count:15

Although research on the works of Khaghani has had an increasing trend, the reevaluation of his works and a new correction of these works seem to be almost inevitable. The purpose of the present study is the correction of two different versions in his 'Habsie ode'. The methodology of this study is based on library method. Hence all the available corrections of Khaghani's works and the works of famous Iranian scholars in this field regarding these poetical works have been used. The conclusion shows that one can have a new understanding of these poems, and, subsequently, one can have a more authentic knowledge of the works of this great poet.

Hariri and Hamidi's Maghamatare considered as prose and story works in ancient Arabic and Persian literature. These two story collections, from the viewpoint of having fiction elements and good characterization, enjoy so much strength and acceptability, which are equaled by modem short stories. One of most important fiction elements is "character" which has a significant role in Hariri's Maghamat. Comparison between methods of characterizing and analyzing of all characters, in these two Maghamats, causes to introduce the literary value of these two works, and shows the relationship between Arabic and Persian literature.

The present study investigated the (un)conscious uses of learning strategies by male EFL learners taught in two different methods. 160 intermediate EFL male students in different age groups participated in this study, 80 from the Iran Language Institute (ILI), an audio-lingual based institute, and 80 from the Shiraz University Language Center (SULC), a communicatively-oriented institute. To gather the necessary data two types of instruments were used: An Oxford Placement test (Allan, 1985) to elicit the participants' level of proficiency and the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL, Oxford, 1986) to assess the frequency with which the students use the six types of learning strategies. Also to raise the subjects' consciousness regarding the use of strategies, each experimental group was instructed before completing the questionnaire. The results obtained from the trained groups revealed that in four types of strategies; that is, cognitive, compensation, affective, and social, the SULC students were better users. In the other two types; meta-cognitive and memory, the ILI learners benefited more. Also the trained students in each institute outperformed the untrained in the use of all types of strategies.

The mystical works of Islamic period reveals gnostic thoughts as a mirror. To survey the gnostic views on the soul, this article enjoys Nag Hammadi texts and Mathnavi of Molavi .The event of it's descent to material world, captivity and preoccupation in prison of ignorance and the path of salvation that is to acquire knowledge (gnosis) which comes from God to man. This shows that Molavi' s teachings are similar to gnostics and maybe indicating the influence of gnosticism on sufism. 

Symbol is a literary technique which has drawn the attention of many poets. In its general meaning, symbol is the representation and explanation of something else. Symbol's important characteristic is its ambiguity, vagueness, lack of details and lack of direction. It means that in symbolic language, desire and intention, is not the surface and figure of speech, but it's a concept, beyond the surface and in a deeper sense. Sohrab Sepehri, one of the contemporary poets, has used symbols in his poems and this has given it ambiguity and complexness. In this article, the effort was to study and describe symbols in Sohrab's poems as far as possible, to study his worldview.Symbols of Sohrab Poems are originated in his gnostic, philosophical and social beliefs and ideas. He has been affected by different cultures; Islamic Iran, ancient India, china and Christian lands. However, his Poem carries an enthusiasm and personal behavior. Sohrab is a gnostic poet and in his efforts to reach God (Allah), his symbols are different from the sociopolitical symbols of his contemporary poets.

The Signs of the Mithraism which prevailed in Iran before the emerging of Zoroaster are observed in literary works and especially epic poems. The evidences show the relationship between Pishdadian and Kianian dynasties and the "Mehr cult". The kings of these two ancient dynasties worshipped the moon and the sun and elements generalities before Zoroaster according to Birooni's Asar-al-Baghiyeh.By studying of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and some Pahlavi texts one can deliver evidence based on the relationship between kings such as: Fereidoon; Jamshid; Siavosh and Keykhosrow and "Mehr cult". Among these the story of Keykhosrow is related to the birth and ascension of Izad Mehrs myth. The birth of this king who is considered as the most goo'd-natured fabulous king of Iran at a dark night and his birth and growth among shepherds is related to "Mehr" in terms of shepherds' care and presence. His prayer before the sun and his washing customs before praying resemble Mehr rituals. Also his ascension to sky and the scared dinner - customs or "Izad Mehr" ascension are the facts which refer to Mithraism.This research tries to study Keykhosrow's personality in Shahnameh using ancient researches and ancient religious texts considering their relationship to "Methraism".

Prefix verbs are form a category of verbs in the Persian language. Such verbs have been in use since the old Persian era, but their frequency has had a downward trend in the Dad Persian. The prefixes in these verbs, which constitute the nonverbal component of the verb group, mainly designate direction and sometimes emphasize the meaning and the occurrence of the verb, or they sometimes create a new Meaning the verb group. Through time, the prefixes in such verbs have been replaced by adverbs, verb complements, or non-verbal components in noun or adjective groups.

The Bustan of sa'adi is a Persian literary masterpiece on which numerous commentaries have been written. Although they all contribute to better introduction of the Bustan and sa'adi, they have hardly done justice to the high station of this poet. Hence, the Bustan has hardly received the true critical attention it deserves. This shortcomings concern content notes, lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical elaborations. The present article concerns critical analysis of the shortcomings observed in the existent commentaries of the Bustan.

An epistemological approach to the new era shows that the modem man has fundamental difference with the classic man.The phenomenon of human alienation and skepticism and the dominance of the principal of probability over certainty in belief, speech and behavior are but a few of modem man's characteristics not depicted in the past. These are reflected in the art and letters of the century, particularly in the literary novel. The two novels under study here i.e. "Jean Barva" by Du Gar and " Kiss the Beautiful Face of God" by Mostafa Mastoor, have been written in different places, cultures and languages. What they have in common is a critical look at the fate of the modem man who views objective and even sacred phenomena with a skeptical eye. While Mastoor's is a religious-philosophical novel, Du Gar's is purely philosophical with a rationalistic view which questions the issue of religion. The author analyzes the element of character in these novels contrastively and concludes that while Mastoor is successful in design, plot and narration, yet it has less depth in arrangement and conclusion in comparison to Du Gar's.

The quality of Interaction (literary influence and impressions) in poetry is one of the interesting subjects in Literary Criticism. Poetic research, from this point of view reveals the time of creation and the extent of re-creation, the innovation manner and the perfection of literary contexts to give the readers a better insight.

Animals have had an important place from the dawn of creation to now in different aspects of human language. Those who ponder in Arabic dictionaries, find many a words that are far from their main sphere of meaning and are used in a new context. This is no coincidence. It is the mental and actual presence of the existence of animals near the terminologists.No wonder that in word coinage, man takes advantage of forms embodied with animal presence. In spite of specialists' attention to all kinds of terms, an important field i.e. metaphors derived from animal names has been thrown into oblivion. This article presents a large set of animal names used in naming celestial bodies, plants, handicrafts, tribal names and proper names.The author hopes to release another article on the same metaphors in Farsi language.

Mythological criticism is one of the main methods of contemporary literary criticism that has been based on findings of contemporary psychology and particularly theories of Carl Gustav Jung, the famous Swiss psychiatrist, and his personality theory. Analytic psychology and its formation is in continuity theory that has been created on Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis theory (Austrian psychiatrist).The paper depicts the formation of priest-king pattern in personality of Jamshid, his assimilation with Manna (Fares), his psychic inflation, and gloriousness, instituting of golden age and utopia (Var-e-Jamkard), and reasons of his sin and his extremity destroying, in Avesta and Shahnameh.Then, it presents the reader with archetypical criticism and change cycles of the myth.