Iranian Journal of Culture and Health Promotion
Year:2022 | Volume:6 | Issue:3|Papers Count:27

Background: Conflict of interest can be one of the roots of corruption in governance structure. If this issue is properly recognized and appropriate solutions for management and prevention are presented and implemented, the possibility of corruption will be reduced. The conflict of interest in the health system is a serious challenge, the different aspects of which must be investigated and identified. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the importance and expression of ground-forming factors, as well asmethods to manage conflict of interests in the governance and management positions of Iran's health system. Methods: In order to collect the required information for this review study, library methods were used and related texts were obtained via searching forgoogle scholarand googleFarsi and English keywords of health system, and conflict of interests. about a total of 69 studies were obtained, of which were selected. Results: A conflict of interest exists when employees can potentially abuse their position, but corruption occurs when employees have abused their position. Therefore, the existence of conflict of interest does not always lead to corruption, but the occurrence of any corruption occurs in the context of a situation of conflict of interest. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent and fight against corruption, to manage possible conflicts of interest. Progress of the country has occurred where there wereno conflicts of interest, whilesetbacks have occurred where there was an obvious conflict of interest. Conclusion: It is necessary to prevent and fight against corruption by recognizingthe roots of corruption. For this reason, it is very important to recognize the conflict of interests as the most important root cause of corruption. Reforms in the health system will not be possible without paying attention to the conflicting interests. Existence of corruption in systems such as determining treatment tariffs, determining drug prices, allocating drug currency, etc., are all formed in the context of conflict of interests. The root of many setbacks in the country can be eliminatedby solving the problem of conflict of interest. The issue of conflict of interest in any sector must be managed because otherwise it becomes the basis for corruption and waste of public resources and makes people distrustful of the government and the public sector.

Background: In the higher health education system, professors are in the axis of responsibility and the center of leadership that help protect values, achievements and continuity of activities. The aim of this study is to investigate important spiritual, moral and educational missions of the main basis of the educational system in critical and threatening conditions. Methods: Data were identified in 15 items by means of focused group discussion, semi-structured interview, and researcher-made questionnaire. Description of subjects, delineation of dimensions and solution for implementation were presented for each item by obtaining expert opinions and using native studies. Results: The most important moral-spiritual responsibilities of professorsin critical and unusual conditions that have been analyzed and presented, include: the valuable and ethical-based mission in cultural and social changes, seeking justice, responsible leadership and protection of learners, smart solutions for continuity of activities and prevention of academic dropand recession, social responsibility, cooperationand playing key role in crisis control, clarifying the international dimensions of events and crises, efforts and measures to ensure, maintain, and promote the social, psychological and spiritual dimensions of health, identifying social determinants of health, giving hope and prevention of passivity, analysis of the crisis and finding solutions to it. Playing the role of a moral and practical model (in all of the life aspects, scientific, professional and social)for learners and policymakers, as well as introducing models, answering questions, clearing doubts, and helping promotion of creative thinking and criticism, are other findings of the study. Conclusion: The responsibility of professors in the moral and spiritual education of learners in higher health education, and guiding the moral and spiritual processes of the university and society, are vital and decisive in all dangerous situations and in crises and unusual situations. To implement the moral and spiritual value-based responsibilities of professors, "educating and training", "disciplining and purification of the soul", "knowledge and ability", "responsibility and accountability", and "morality and spirituality", are considered necessary.

Background: Non-observance of ethics in society causes many problems for the general public, and on a smaller scale in the hospital, non-observance of ethical points will result in harmful issues. In order to promote ethical goals in the organization or in other words to promote ethics in university hospitals based on scientific and management recommendations, it is absolutely necessary to use new technologies, which will be investigated in the last step of the research. Methods: In this research, methods of library studies, in-depth interviews with experts, surveying experts, and observation are used to collect data. Considering the nature of the study, "content analysis ofobtained data" was performed in the hospitals of the University of Medical Sciences and health care services. The opinions of organizational ethics experts in the healthcare industry and other ethics academic experts, ethics and organizational culture, and strategic management were researched. Results: In coding the text of the interview, the researcher used natural or live codes, which were the same as the interviewees' sentences, or expressed his understanding of the sentences. This is called confirmation code, which is based on the materials that have been formed from past researches. Appropriate codeswere assigned. The main question of the current research was to obtain fundamental concepts in the field of organizational ethics breaches in the hospital, and this goal was also kept in mind during coding. Moreover, the dimensions of the model and the relationships between the dimensions were also in acknowledged, andwere taken into account in the coding. The ethics of the treatment staff does not only pertainto the doctors, but also to other departments that treat the patient in some way. In the meantime, nurses have the most interaction with patients and their and companions, and due to the nature of their work, they must be morally restrained and self-controlled in order to be able to behave ethically, so as not tocause discomfort to the patient, but also relieve him mentally. Conclusion: This plan is comprehensive and helps recognition of the fact thatdevelopment of ethics in hospitals is comprehensive, requires prioritization, has various dimensions, and that it should be considered as an organizational goal.

Background: According to statistics, 99. 4% of Iranian people are Muslims. The frequency of mental disorders is 29. 7%, while the tendency to extra-religious spirituality is 25% among high school students and 72% among university students. This study was conducted with the aim of explaining the effect of spirituality, from religious spirituality to secular spirituality, on mental health. Methods: This combined study was based on the Sound Heart modeland discovery-explanatory approach ofCreswell et al. ’, s model (2003). Qualitative data were gatheredfrom non-systematic review and contractual content analysis of the concept, structure, purpose, feature, foundations of trans-religious and secular spirituality, the religious spirituality of Islam. Quantitative data from the clinical applications of the model were integrated. The validity of meta-inferences of research were measuredviainternal-external validity for quantitative data, and "reliability" or "capability index" for qualitative data. Results: Kirkpatrick considers attachment to God, a product of attachment to parents. But God has a positive image in the Quran (a kind creator who gives security, a powerful caregiver). Safe attachment to God is a product of knowledge, positive image of God, and love for God. Trusting and delegating life's problems to God brings aboutmental health and spiritual vitality of believers. Despite the different definitions of God by spiritualists (pantheistic and monotheistic ideologies), the negative image of God has caused insecure attachment to God, which affects mental health. Conclusion: Spirituality of Islam is based on secure attachment to God, and also belief in the presence and sufficiency of God (the most powerful other), which help improve mental health. Secular spirituality is based on esoterism and consecration of nature. Their followers seek inner peace, contentment and happiness in a "personal style" through spirituality residing in nature.

Background: There are two different approaches in perception of spirituality: religious approach and non-religious approach. In Islam, spirituality is always emphasized as the main element in religiousness and religious education. The modern view to spirituality has a trans-religious approach and pursues spirituality regardless of religion. The aim of the current research is to study the philosophical foundations of spirituality from the perspective of Islam. Methods: The current research has studied the philosophical foundations of spirituality in Islamic thinking with a descriptive-analytical method, and has determined the difference between the philosophical foundations of religious and non-religious spirituality with a comparative method. Results: In Islamic thinking, spirituality pertains to the realm beyond the material world and the origin and end of the world. This religious spirituality refers to both the existential dimensions of human, and also to human relations. On the contrary, the extensiveness of spiritual experience in modern approaches is such that it includes any kind of human connection with "transcendental reality". The non-religious attitude towards spirituality, causes pluralism in spirituality that faces serious epistemological limitations. Conclusion: In the ontology of spirituality, Islam considers two domains for beings and all creatures in the universe: the heavenly domain and worldly domain,In contrast, the non-religious attitude, which deals with spirituality without an origin and end, lacks firm ontological foundations. In the epistemology of spirituality, Islamic spirituality brings a person to a special kind of knowledge, which is related to the unseen world, and this spirituality can be acknowledgedat the level of the individual and society. In the positivist and radical scientist approach, on the other hand, only empirical and scientific knowledge is valid, and spirituality is not very recognizable. In the axiology of spirituality, the set of spiritual values that divine religions call to man are mainly different from the spiritual values called for in non-religious spirituality.

Background: Inspired by the statement we aimed to draw palpable policy options for the health system in order to implement the recommendations of the Supreme Leader. Methods: After analyzing the qualitative content of the statement and identifying the applications of the topics in the health system, we conducted interviews with experts. Finally, the policy options for thr health system were provided in each of the components of the statement and were finalized using a combination of Delphi and Fuzzy TOPSIS methods. Results: According to the experts, "Empowering researcher and policymaker","Media campaigns to increase public awareness of medical professional ethics","expanding primary healthcare and referal system","Fighting the monopoly of production, distribution and provision of medicine, medical equipment and health services","Entrepreneurship in the field of health and resistance economy","Mmonitoring and planning the effects of economic sanctions on health",and "Informing families regarding the importance of healthy lifestyle in childhood " are of the highest priorities to institutionalize each dimensions of the statement in health policies of Iran. Conclusion: Despite commendable efforts and significant progress in the health system of Iran, achieving comprehensive excellence in the second step of the Islamic Revolution requires more efforts by health policymakers to formulate health policies on the basis of a good governance approach. Our findings might pave the way, we envisage, towards achieving an optimal health system in the post-fortieth of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the strategies and actions required to promote food and nutrition security and accessibility of the population to an adequate, equitable, healthy and desirable food basket. Methods: This was a qualitative study. The data were collected through literature review and individual interviews with policy-makers, planners and managers involved in food and nutrition security. The most important determinants of food insecurity in the country were determined using the Delphi method. MAXQDA10 software was used for data analysis. Results: Based on the views of the interviewees, the most important factor influencing food and nutrition security was found to be economic access to food. This was followed by four other factors, namely, income gap,lack of a specific authority responsible for food and nutrition security at the national level,poverty and low family incomes,and not paying sufficient attention to sustainability in food production. Strategies suggested to promote food and nutrition security included physical access to food, economic access to food, food safety, access to micronutrients, promoting nutrition culture and literacy, access to food and nutrition services, and sustainable food production. Conclusion: Economic access to food, i. e., sufficient purchasing power of the people, is currently an important factor in determining food and nutrition security in a population. Food and nutrition policies should be developed in a way as to ensure increased economic access to food, sustainability in food production, production of healthy foods, and promoting the population’, s food and nutrition culture and literacy.

Background: Ensuring food security is one of the main pillars of sustainable development and combating it should be considered as one of the major goals of a country’, s economic and social development plans. This study aimed to review the current threats to food security in Iran and globally. Methods: This study is a review article based on reviewing scientific literature about food security and food and nutrition policy through reviewing resources available in internal and foreign databases using appropriate keywords ‘, food security’, , ‘, Iran’, , ‘, world’, , ‘, food insecurity’, , and ‘, challenges’, . Results: The coronavirus 2019 epidemic, climate change, drought and water scarcity, food loss and waste, hot and cold wars and conflicts (types of sanctions), economic crises, and the global increase in food prices all increase the risk of food insecurity worldwide, especially in low-income countries. The government’, s economic and supportive policies can directly affect the food basket of low-income households, needed to meet physiological and nutritional needs. Subsidies and government food aid programs can strongly affect food security. It is important to allocate subsidies to vulnerable groups,however, it should be targeted to meet the basic needs of low-income groups. Conclusion: In recent years, when the toughest sanctions were imposed on Iran, the Supreme Leader of Iran emphasized on paying attention to “, resistance economy”, . A resilient economy approach should be taken to ensure national food security through creating sustainable food and nutrition system with the cooperation of all development sectors, and more effective cooperation of the capacity of the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security. In this regard, environmental factors such as domestic water and soil capacities, reducing food loss, waste, and promotion of the production and consumption of local and traditional food, as well as supporting rural agriculture should be taken into consideration.

This policy brief presents a collaborative structure for governing the national food assistance program for vulnerable groups, as a part of a comprehensive social support system. The authors call for attention to the number of suggestions to improve the quality of formulation and implementation of this program, which is facilitated by a network perspective.

Background: Aging is the result of gradual loss of function of vital organs. Sedentary lifestyle doubles the problems of the elderly and affects quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical activity and the level of general health and quality of life of inactive elderly. Methods: This study was performed on 71 elderly people in Kashan. Due to the small sample size in this study, PLS software was used to investigate the assumed model. This research is a survey study and a questionnaire technique has been used to collect research data. In this study, Smart PLS Graph software was used to test the conceptual model of the research. Physical activity was set as the independent variable, and quality of life of the elderly as the dependent variable. Results: There is a significant relationship between physical activity and quality of life of the elderly along with dimensions of physical condition, marital status and life satisfaction. The highest correlation was observed between physical activity and life satisfaction of the elderly (r = 0. 378). Overall, the results indicated a significant relationship between physical activity of the elderly and its quality of life (r = 0. 318 and sig = 0. 007). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that there is a significant relationship between physical activity and quality of life, physical condition, marital status and life satisfaction of the elderly. Therefore, performing physical activity can increase muscle strength, ability to perform daily tasks without dependence on others, and quality of life.

Background: Today, the consequences of sports injuries create many problems for health, athletes, coaches, clubs, families and the sports community, and impose direct and indirect costs on the society. The purpose of this study was phenomenological analysis (understanding of lived experiences) of elite athletes from the sports injuries consequences. Methods: The research method was qualitative phenomenology. Participants included 30 elite athletes, who were purposefully selected from the injured athletes of national and club teams. The research tool was unstructured interviews. The process of completing interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Each interview lasted between 35 to 65 minutes. The seven-step Klaizi model was used for collecting and analyzing data. Results: Analyzing the data revealed 9 main themes, and 74 concepts. Consequences of physical, family, psychological, social, economic, sports, cultural, lifestyle changes, and migration were the main axes (main themes) of findings of this study. Conclusion: Due to harmful consequences of sports injuries, we suggest making necessary arrangements to increase safety in sports places and events, and also providing support in legal terms, finance, occupation and life and pension insurance of athletes.

Intersectoral collaboration, as a key component of interventions in addressing complex public health problems, can be structured, selective, and designed to be constructive. Social network analysis can help examine and strengthen such collaborative structures with a systemic approach. This policy brief aims to suggest operational steps and an optimal structure of stakeholder engagement for better governance of the national food assistance program for vulnerable groups.

Background: Man is not able to meet his needs alone, and so chose to live in a society, so that each person can contribute to the duties and benefits, and division of labor is established. Just as each member of the society needs to be mentally and physically healthy, the society also needs the health of body and soul as a single body-which consists of members of the society. In religious teachings, both aspects of the health of the individual and society have been taken into consideration. The current research investigates the role of religious and social behaviors in community health, relying on Al-Mizan's interpretation, and is a step in explaining community health from the perspective of religious teachings. Method: This research is conducted using a descriptive analytical method with conceptual and documentary analysis. Propositions that indicate the role of social religious behavior in the health of society in the al-Mizan interpretation of the holy Quran were collected, compiled and explained. Results: Our findings indicated that factors such as charity, social patience, avoiding boasting, unity, cooperation, piety, enjoining good and forbidding evil have an impact on the health of society. Conclusion: Since the society is adorned with religious and social behaviors, the society considers itself responsible for moral, economic, social and political problems and seeks to solve them so that a healthy, dynamic, cheerful, united and prosperous society is formed.

Background: Proposed in 1979, the generic policy, aimed to provide easy access to all the more medicines, themain important result of which is reducing pharmaceutical costs and decreasing importation. Since 1999, pharma branding in Iran was initatedby pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, companies used the brand-generic name in order to maintain the market share and also sell the drugs at a higher price and gain more market share by distinguishing drug names. Methods: In this investigation, Iran's modern pharmaceutical system and achievements after the Islamic revolution, wereinvestigated via collecting statistics and documents regarding the conditions of generic and brand-generic drugs. Results: Despite two decades of the national pharmaceutical policy, based on generic drugs, the percentage of generic drugs decreased from 69% to 50%, from 2012to 2021and the number of brand-generic drugs increased. Among the top one hundred best-selling drugs, 38% have brand-generic names. Regardingthe financial burden and costs imposed on patients and insurance companies due toprescribing brand-generic drugs, it is estimated to have increased from 51% in 2018 to 84% in 2013 and then to 69% in 2017 compared withtotal costs. Conclusion: In strategic documents and general policies of Iran’, s health system, including the statement of the Supreme Leader, promotion of generic drugs in the health system has been approved. However, from the operational view, the trend has been to the contraryand towards brand-generic drugs. Reasons include: product differentiation, increasing market share by introducing products and increasing the price of drugs. The desire of companies to obtain licenses with brand-generic names is based on three different policies of Iran FDA and ministry of Healththat have facilitated this issueand include: medicine naming regulations, medicines pricing regulations, marketing regulations and promotion of pharmaceutical products.

Background: Since the end of the twentieth century, the concept of emerging technologies and their science network and governance have been considered by academia, media and policy makers. The emerging technologies are “, radically novel or disruptive and relatively fast-developing, but still nascent, scientific-technological developments that may have prominent economic, environment or social impacts”, . Methods: In focus group discussions with the presence of experts in science and technology (expert panel), their opinions about the emerging technologies were recorded. Subsequently, a list of these technologies that were determined by brain storming in the expert panel, was categorized in subsectors of the Roco and Bainbridge convergence foundational science and technology system (Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno-AI, in brief NBICA). Results: There is considerable opportunity in the emerging science and technologies (e. g., artificial intelligence, telemedicine and digital health, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, synthetic biology, gene editing, neurotechnology, biosensors, 3D printing and robotics) for achieving scientific authority, promotion of justice and creation of social security. The majority of these emerging technologies were revealed to be converging technologies in nature. Therefore, they produce significant challenges in the biosafety and biosecurity domains. Conclusion: There is a strategic opportunity in the convergence foundational science and technology system (NBICA). Wonderful advancements can be achieved in health sector, therapeutic and drug development, social security and justice with the help of these emerging technologies. Hence, a particular attention should be paid to approaches for achieving scientific authority in converging technologies.

Background: This study was designed to provide a road map for the management of the covid epidemic in I. R. Iran and to create a common agenda for community health to strengthen health care. Methods: The road map was prepared using the guidelines of the World Health Organization. Accordingly, tenpillars including coordination, planning and monitoring,risk communication, rapid response teams and investigations,point of entry, transportation,laboratory,infection control and prevention,clinical management,operational support,essential health services,and vaccinations were reviewed. The information was obtained from related local and international articles and reports, field surveys, opinions of experts related to and familiar with the issues of the Covid-19 epidemic, and field visits. Results: Creating care paths for patients with suspected covid-19 from the aspects of creating coordination in providing services, adherence to the schedule, appropriate sequence of diagnostic and treatment measures, can help development of care paths for these patients andlead to improvement of service quality. Paying attention to the road map for management of the current epidemic and what we face in the future as biological threats was emphasized by all specialists and experts, and has an operational application in the management of the epidemic. Conclusion: Usingthe road map can provide an opportunity for planned management of the current epidemic as well as future biological threats. Iran is located in a geographical area where, due to various reasons, susceptibility to biological threats is relatively high, and without a comprehensive road map, dealing with them imposes a high cost.

Climate change is one of the most serious challenges that influence different dimensions of the communities’,health. This reveals the necessity of quick action in facing the health effects caused by climate change. Although some actions have been done for developing a national plan to deal with the effects of climate change on health, but the plan is not developed yet. Considering the importance of the issue, and based on the mission of Academy of Medical Sciences I R of Iran, developing the national plan was placed on the agenda of the health promotion group. In the first step, by reviewing national and international studies, the initial version of the plan was compiled. Then by qualitative research methods and a multi-stage survey of experts in different domestic fields, the final version was compiled. The "National Plan for Dealing with the Effects of Climate Change on Health" consists of two major policies, eleven strategies and solutions for each strategy.

Background: Culture plays an important role in psychological health via shaping social norms, values and beliefs. Hence, the purpose of this study was to design and assess the feasibility of a transdiagnostic protocol based on emotion regulation in Islamic-Iranian Culture. Methods: The current research is a qualitative study that uses the content analysis method. Via semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of emotion regulation, the cultural components of emotion regulation were extracted. Subsequently, content validity ratio coefficient (CVR) (CVI) was evaluated by ten psychologists with at least five years of experience in emotion regulation therapy. In the next step, the contents of the therapy sessions package was adjusted based on the obtained components in eight weekly sessions. Results: Finally, the framework of the designed protocol was sent to six experts with at least 15 years of clinical experience in the field of psychology. Due to the meta-diagnostic nature of the study, this stage was necessary to investigate the application of the protocol in terms of: acceptability and appropriateness, utility and demand, integration, compatibility, resources and applicability, and generalizability. . The results indicated a high average for the mentioned dimensions. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the possibility of implementing the present protocol is necessary. Therefore, it is suggested that cultural guardians of health promotion in the country pay special attention to the results of such researches.

Background: Identifying and developing superior talents doubles the importanceof educational planning. The purpose of this plan is to find laws in the field of superior talent that are incompatible with the logic of following educational justice in academic environments and to suggestfor reform have been presented. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2022using the content analysis method. Targeted interview sessions were held with assistants and students who were members and non-members of gifted students offices as well as the heads of these offices in major universities of medical sciences. Primary conceptual codes were extracted after data analysis, and after continuous review and assessing similar codes, summarization, and removal of duplicate codes, four main categories and 14 subcategories were identified. Results: Students emphasized the need to change the conditions of membership in gifted students offices and to identify talents during their studies according to their efforts and scientific and research abilities. While requesting coordination between the educational and executive institutions of the country, they inquired forcreatinga stronger foundation for the officials of the ministries, so that they could have a greater impact on the scientific and cultural promotion of the country. Conclusion: Senior educational managers should pay attention to solving the structural problems of the units and revising the regulations, motivational inducers, and the social and cultural needs of talented students. While requesting the generalization and changes of the statements mentioned in related regulations, the students agreed with establishment of elite assessment centers in metropolitan areas with the same guideline. It is suggested that the Office of Elites and Talented Students of the relevant ministry, be in charge of forming specialized groups of talented students from medical sciences universitiesin cooperation with one of the leading educational institutions in the country, so that these students have closer contact with the relevant ministryofficials and participate more actively in solving educational, research-related and executive problems.

Background: In the religious and social system of Iran, cultural activities are of special value and dignity and the necessity of paying more attention to this issue is emphasized in universities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cultural preferences of medical professors and students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The statistical population consisted of all professors of basic sciences, medical students of graduate sciences and postgraduate students. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire consisting of two parts: 1) demographic information,and 2)basic cultural indices in ten domains of macro indices. Results: Overall, the results of the micro-cultural indices indicated that threeindicators of innovation and creativity, scientific justice and entitlement from the teachers' point of view, social justice, independence seeking, and educational attainment from the students’,point of view, and general ethics, educational attainment, and demanding righteousnessamong postgraduate students hadthe highest average scores. Conclusion: Due to abstraction of concepts and the difficulty of measuring valuesas well as the importance and delicacy of the subject, rigorous and systematic scientific studies can provide conditions and arrangements in universities that, in addition to education and research, cultural and social activities are undertaken more accurately and effectively. Therefore, in order to promote cultural activities in universities and to make the most of students' use of this important function in higher education centers, it is necessary to interact with them.

Background: Human literacy in various dimensions promotes physical and mental health. Managers have an important role in strengthening the process of educating the illiterate and the illiterate. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of school principals in attracting and educating the illiterate and low-literate people in order to promote their health. Methods: This study was a descriptive survey. The statistical population included all educational stakeholders in schools of Kerman province. Sample included 270 selected by stratified sampling method. All participants answered a researcher-made questionnaire of manager performance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test and Friedman rank test. Results: The average performance of managers was 17. 07 in educational activities, 19. 55 in training activities, 16. 65 in supervision and guidance, 15. 37 in human relations skills, 17. 14 in equipment and educational facilities, and 17/44 in creativity and innovation. Results indicate a positive and significant relationship between the performance of managers and general health of students. Also, educational activities, training activities, and human relations skills were in first to third priority, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the managers of literacy schools can play an important role in ensuring their health and the health of the society by attracting and training illiterate and low-educated individuals.

Background: Patients with diabetes face many problems, especially in the field of health. Therefore, the aim of this study was determine the effectiveness of compassion training on health hardiness, compassion and behavioral emotion regulation. Methods: This study was semi-experimental, havinga pretest-posttest design with a control group. The research population was patients with Type 2 Diabetes, who were members of Ahwaz Diabetes Association in the winter season of 2021 year. Fifty participants were selected by available sampling method and randomly replaced into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent eight 90-minutesessions of compassion training and the control group remained on the waiting list for training. Data were collected with the revised health hardiness inventory, compassion scale and behavioral emotion regulation questionnaire and analyzed with tests of chi-square, independent-t and multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of all three variables of health hardiness, compassion and behavioral emotion regulation. In other words, compassion training increased health hardiness, compassion and behavioral emotion regulation in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Conclusion: Regarded to the findings of this study, professionals and therapists can use the compassion training method along with other effective training methods to improve psychological characteristics.

Background: User satisfaction is aguarantee for implementation of an information system. Receiving opinions of endusers can be used to improve the quality of information systems. This study aimed to determine the level of satisfaction with the lean system in users of health network levels. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the statistical population included all users of the NAB system at levels 1, 2, and 3 of the health networks in the cities of Gorgan and Gonbad-Kavus in 2021. The number of samples in level 3 (39 people) and level 2 (74 people) was total, and in level 1 it was 258 peopleby quota sampling method. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS-24 software. Results: The mean age of users participating in the study was 39. 64±, 8. 60 years. Most were women (52%), married (67. 7%), and had a bachelor's degree (50. 7%). The average overallsatisfaction was 3. 10±,0. 49, which is at a moderate to a high level. The highest level of satisfaction in terms of quality of support services was 3. 30±, 0. 61 and the lowest level of satisfaction in the overall satisfaction dimension of the system was 2. 82±,0. 77. There was a significant relationship between satisfaction with the NAB system in all dimensions with gender, level of education, and levels of health network. Conclusion: In terms of overall satisfaction, a high percentage of employees were relatively satisfied. In order to promoteuser satisfaction, the designers of Lean System should pay attention to the quality of system performance with components such as response speed and level of reliability in order to increase user’, s satisfaction with NAB System.