JOURNAL OF THE MARCO AND STRATEGIC POLICIES
Year:2014 | Volume:2 | Issue:7|Papers Count:7

In recent decades, economists have reached a consensus that institutions are the main determinants of prosperity and growth around the world. However, the main question is that which of those institutions are more important in the process of economic growth and development. In this paper, according to classification of Institutional economists, we are using two types of institutions. These are contracting and property rights institutions, we examine the relative important role of these two on economic growth and development. To do that, we used the indexes of Institute enforcement of contracts from Fraser and property rights indexes of Heritage Foundation. Our econometrics method to solve the Indignity problem is Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS). The results show that property rights institutions in different groups of countries influence on GDP per capita, and thus on economic growth and development significantly. The contracting institutions however do not have significant effect on economic growth and development.

Economic growth is a fundamental basis for macroeconomic policies of any country and energy is one of the essential and main factors of economic growth in any society. In Iran, transportation sector has the second- highest petroleum product consumers among other sectors. The land taransport sector (road and rail) has about 92% of total energy consumption, the main part of this consumtion is related to road transport subsection. This paper reviews factors effecting Iran’s road transport sector energy demand and then by OLS method estimate energy demand in this sector for the period of 1978-2013. Results show that inventory of vehicles has a significant positive effect on demand energy. The price elasticity of gasoline and natural gas is significantly negetive. The price elasticity of gas oil has not a significant effect on transportation sector energy demand during the period of study. The income elasticity of energy demand is positive and significant.

The general health policies focuses on increase of quality and safety of services and health care using and developing clinical governance system and setting standards. Iranian hospitals are confronted with the shortage of nurses and human resource crisis. Lower hiring rate than retirement in the previous years have caused the shortage of nurses in hospitals. Burning out of nurses by overworks increase their willingness change or leave the job which consequently increase human resource problem in hospitals. Therefore, not only exogenous factors affect scarcity of nurses but also endogenous feedbacks change the situation for the worse. The simulation model using system dynamics method shows that with the current trend the shortage of nurses in hospitals will continue in the coming years. Increasing hospital beds and hiring limitations are factors which create difficulties in providing adequate number of nurses in hospitals. To keep sustain level of nurses in hospitals the following policies are implicated from simulation model: desired number of nurses should be increased, the delay between retirement and hiring should be decreased and the hiring rate should be increased as possible. In addition, human resource training and provision of required number of nurses at the right time should be considered by managers and policy makers.

This study was conducted with the purpose of examining the role of internal marketing in attracting deposit resources and also explaining the difference between Tose’e ta’avon Bank and City Bank in the relationship between internal marketing and deposit resources. This research was done in order to investigate the role of activation of human capitals through internal marketing to supply productive financial resources in accordance with the first section of general policies of resistive economy and also compare governmental and non-governmental banking in line with the general policies of article 44 of constitution. So that by utilizing its results, we can find out the strengths and weaknesses of the bank in the perspective of internal marketing to attract the deposit resources and to help enhance and mobilize deposit resources as the most significant resources of banks. In this study, sampling method was stratified sampling. The data collecting instruments are the questionnaire for evaluating internal marketing and also financial balance sheets data of the bank branches for measuring the deposit resources. Data was collected from a 102-people samle in Tose’e ta’avon Bank and a 145-people sample in City Bank and was analyzed by structural equation modeling, mean structural analysis and two population mean comparison. The findings indicate that internal marketing is significantly and positively associated with bank deposit resources. Additionally, this relationship in City bank as a non-governmental bank has a significantly difference in comparison with Tose-e Ta’avon bank as a governmental bank.

Privatization is one of the major problems in many developing countries, especially Iran, which that following proposes such as competitiveness and economic efficiency, increasing productivity, investment and efficient use of resources. Therefore, study the barriers of proper implementation of privatization and achieving the aims of general policies promulgated by the supreme leader to, is very importance. Accordingly, this paper is looking to answer the question of what factors could be deterrent factor to increase the investment of private sector? In order to answer this question, initially introducing the appropriate model to estimate the effective factors on the private sector investment and then present the results of model by using vector autoregressive method (VAR). the results of Model show that an increase in the government size, permanent (long-term) inflation and exchange rate fluctuations are as an obstacle to increasing the private sector investment (in this study, SME manufacturing). It should be noted that this model is shown the crowding out impact well. Considering that the size of government is one of the major barriers in the way of private sector investment in the economy, therefore, performing the reformed policies of Article 44 seems unavoidable, which has been proposed by the Supreme Leader. Naturally, implementation of the communicated policy will be moderate and remove the other barriers in the way of private sector investment gradually.

Growing trend of population ageing in Iran and exponential augmentation in the number of retired population and pensioners has created serious challenges for pension funds. Not only, acute concerns are created for pension funds, but also economic security of employed members of Pension Funds and their peace of mind in old age and retirement stage is fully depended to accurate performance of pension funds and their commitment for obligations. Applied and descriptive methods of factor analysis are used to propose suggestions and find appropriate solutions for dealing with the mentioned problems of pension funds. Agriculture Jihad Pension Fund is chosen as a pilot project in this research for the period of 1980-2012. Actuarial survey method is used to carry out analysis. Findings of this research indicate a number of systemic as well as nonsystematic factors affect performance of pension funds. Old age dependency ratio is exponentially increasing. Adverse effects of high inflation rate; imposition of irrelevant expenses of government protective measures and neglect of actuarial calculations and analysis in managerial decisions and policies of pension funds; unprofessional government interventions in pension funds; continuation of DB-PEYG system; non fulfillment of government financial undertakings to pension funds and hence huge debts of government system to pension funds are faced retirement system and pension funds with the collapse threat in future. Short, medium and long term solutions are proposed to confront this threat as well as to reform current retirement system.

Culture of a society represents the symbolic position of social values in creative mind of individuals. Collective identity is valuable treasures of beliefs and behaviors in a cultural Construction. Stability and continuity of cultural identity is the mystery of inpenetrability in historic movement of a nation. Components of the identity with reconstruction of collective concepts and evaluating frameworks, injects consciousness and self-reforming in basic foundations of public culture and creates vitality and vibrancy in a society. Identity constructions authenticating to narrative historicism, can be defined as subjective and objective elements derived from common understanding of good life in a society that leads to social adaptability and formation of a coherent and coordinate whole. Our claim in this research is that cultural policy-making in the Islamic Republic has accommodated between two strong and paradoxical attraction of historical Benchmarking at sociological view and the historical mission at ideal view. The first attraction implied on the characteristics of "feeding public culture of the society", "persistence of cultural diversity" and "cultural endless conflicts", and the second attraction includes indicators of "state guiding and supervision in the field of public culture", "denial of incommensurability of ethical frameworks", and "inadequacy of internal criticism in claims of validity". Offering a special approach to the issue of identity and iranian culture, makes inevitable the necessity transition from "government as a protector of public culture" stage to "self-conscious and value-oriented society" stage in the cultural policy-making of the Islamic Republic.