JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Year:2023 | Volume:20 | Issue:4|Papers Count:16

Aim and Background: COVID-19 is an international concern for public health. The emergence of the emerging and pervasive disease, in addition to threatening physical health, has also affected mental health. The aim of this study was to study the quality of sleep based on the prevalence of Quaid 19 disease in social network users in Iran. Methods and Materials: The present study was descriptive and survey. The statistical population was all Telegram and WhatsApp users. 443 people were selected as available sampling method. To collect data from Online Questionnaire Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI) used. Findings: The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of sleep quality among the respondents was equal to (8. 44±, 11. 02), which was about 53. 3% with poor sleep quality and 46. 7% with proper sleep quality. Sleep delays (77. 4%), sleep performance (85. 6%), sleep disorders (67. 7%) had the highest rate of inappropriate quality, while mental quality of sleep (32. 1) and drug use (13. 1) They were of good quality. Sleep delay and sleep disturbances were also higher in women than men. The mental quality of sleep, sleep efficiency, and daily dysfunction among married people are significantly higher than for single people. Conclusions: The Covid-19 virus affects sleep quality components so that people who have experienced corona, with the exception of sleep efficiency, perform less well in other components of sleep quality. Sleep quality is significantly higher in people without chronic illness. Sleep quality is significantly lower among people with parents with chronic disease than people without parents with chronic disease.

Aim and Background: The present study was conducted to compare the effect of tele-hope-based coaching and counseling on post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients with COVID-19 in quarantine conditions in Isfahan province (18 years and older). Methods and Materials: This research is a quasi-experimental study in which the convenience sampling method with random assignment is used. For this purpose, 43 patients with COVID-19 were randomly assigned in three groups of hope-based coaching (14 people), hope-based counseling (14 people) and control group (15 people). All participants completed questionnaires related to happiness, life satisfaction and post-traumatic growth in the pre-test phase, and then the experimental group members participated in hope-based coaching or counseling (8 sessions for 60 minutes). At the end of the intervention, the post-test was completed and the results were analyzed using MANCOVA test and post hoc tests. Findings: The findings showed that both tele-interventions had a significant effect on post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients with COVID-19 compared to the control group. However, there was no significant differences between the research variables in the two intervention groups and both interventions were equally effective (P <0. 05). Conclusions: Considering the importance of tele-hope-based interventions during crisis time, such interventions are recommended to increase post-traumatic growth, life satisfaction and happiness of patients who are not able to visit in person.

Aim and Background: Obesity and being overweight are emerging as important problems worldwide. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based on reducing stress on irrational thoughts and promoting positive thinking in people who want to lose weight. Methods and Materials: The current research method is a semi-experimental pretest-posttest type with a control group and the population studied in this research included all obese women who were referred to nutrition clinics in Ardabil city, using available sampling, all the subjects who Paid attention to Ahvaz irrational beliefs questionnaire and positive thinking scale of Ingram and Visniki (1998) had problems related to irrational beliefs and positive thinking, a sample of 30 people was selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and control group (15 people) were divided. The experimental group underwent mindfulness training based on stress reduction during 8 one-hour sessions (one session per week). At the end of the training, the posttest was performed on two groups, the data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA). Findings: The results showed that mindfulness-based on stress reduction was effective in reducing illogical beliefs (F=142. 72 and P< 0. 01), and increasing positive thinking (F=9. 95 and P<0. 01). Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that practitioners in the field of treatment and education can help to reduce problems, irrational beliefs, and positive thinking in obese people by using mindfulness training based on stress reduction.

Aim and Background: Separation anxiety disorder is one of the first and most common psychological disorders in children. Therefore, therapeutic interventions to reduce this disorder is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group therapy of psychodrama on reducing the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder in children 5 to 9 years. Methods and Materials: The design of the present study was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with follow-up, with experimental and control groups. The statistical population in this study was all children aged 5 to 9 years with separation anxiety disorder in Zahedan in the academic year of 2019-2020. For select the sample, 30 children were selected using the two-stage cluster sampling method and randomly assignment into experimental and control groups. Experimental group, seven 90 minute sessions, group therapy of psychodrama and no intervention was performed on the control group. At the end of the educational-therapeutic sessions, the post-test was administered and after one month, both groups were re-evaluated. The instrument used in this study was anxiety the Spence children's anxiety scale (SCAS-P) and Disease Symptoms Parental Questionnaire (CSI-4). The research data were analyzed using SPSS 22 measurement analysis software test. Findings: The analysis of the results showed that the symptoms of separation anxiety in the experimental group compared to the control group showed a significant decrease (P≤, 0. 01). Conclusions: Group therapy of psychodrama can be used to reduce the symptoms of separation anxiety in children aged 5-9 years in Zahedan and this therapeutic approach can be used for this population.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the level of risk-taking, sensation-seeking and impulsivity of girl and boy adolescents based on the level of influence of peers. Method: The method of the present research was of fundamental type according to the research objective and according to the method of data collection it was of descriptive type and causal-comparative research. In line with the purpose of the study, among all adolescents aged 18-14 years in Tabriz, a sample of 327 people was selected by available sampling method. To collect data used from Peer Influence Resistance Questionnaire (1), Iranian Adolescents Risk-Taking Scale (2), Arent Sensation–, Seeking Scale (3) and Barat Impulsivity Questionnaire 11 th edition (4). Also, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software. Results: Data analysis using multivariate factor analysis of variance showed that the level of risk-taking of adolescents based on the influence of peers is higher than the peer resistance group. Also, the level of risk-taking of boys is higher than girls based on influence by peers. But there was no difference in the sensation-seeking and impulsivity of girl and boy adolescents based on the level of influence from peers. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that peers have a high impact on risk-taking, excitement and impulsiveness of teenagers. Therefore, it is suggested to hold training classes for teenagers and their families about the importance of friendships during adolescence and the impact of friendship during this period on risky behaviors.

Aim and Background: Love is one of the most amazing emotions a person can experience and emotional failure is one of the most painful problems that can happen to anyone during a romantic relationship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of therapy based on acceptance and commitment on the mental health and cognitive fusion of girls with emotional breakdown. Methods and Materials: The research method is semi-empirical and the sample population covers all the girl students at Isfahan University. The representative samples are 30 of the girl students who have gone to the counseling center of Isfahan University seeking care. Sampling was done by a voluntary and purposive method. Then, the volunteers answered the questionnaire about symptoms of heartbreak, then they were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (15 individuals) control (15 individuals). The experimental group was put under the treatment of ACT therapy. The data in this research, were gathered in three phases (pre-test, posttest, and follow-up test) using mental health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and cognitive fusion questionnaire. The data were examined by proper statistical tests (covariance with a lot of follow-ups) and via the software of SPSS-21. Findings: The results indicated that the ACT therapy, can significantly and sequentially decrease and increase the level of cognitive fusion and mental health of the control group. Conclusions: The results indicated that ACT therapy can be applied in the interventional treatments of emotional setbacks, to decrease the symptoms of cognitive fusion and increase the level of mental health.

Aim and Background: Depression, as the most serious disease of the century, whose underlying factors play an important role in its formation and continuation, requires the design of treatments that have lasting effects. Based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of Analytical Schema Therapy (AST) in reducing depression symptoms and modulating early emotional needs Methods and Materials: The current research was conducted as a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-posttest design and a control group with a three-month follow-up. The statistical population of this research was selected students of Tehran in 2020. The sample size included 24 people who were selected by a targeted method from among those who volunteered for treatment and were randomly assigned to two experimental (12 people) and control (12 people) groups. AST therapeutic intervention was performed for the experimental group during thirty sessions, one session of 60 minutes per week. People in the control group did not receive treatment at this time. The questionnaires used in this research included the Beck depression questionnaire (Beck, 1961) and the early emotional needs questionnaire (Ghaderi et al, 2021). The data obtained from this research were analyzed by the method of variance analysis with repeated measurement and using SPSS 25. 0 software. Findings: The results showed that AST treatment has a significant effect on reducing depression symptoms and modulating emotional needs (p<0. 001). Conclusions: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that AST treatment, with the development of techniques aimed at adjusting emotional needs, can be used as an effective intervention to reduce depression symptoms and adjust early emotional needs.

Aim and Background: One of the common problems in type 2 diabetes patients with depression symptoms is emotional distress, which causes many negative consequences for these people, so present study was conducted to comparison of the effectiveness of Autobiographical Memory Specificity training and acceptance and commitment therapy to the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a follow-up period of three months. The statistical population of the study included people with type 2 diabetes and depression who were referred to medical centers in Isfahan city in the first six months of 1400. The final sample of the study included 50 Patients with type 2 diabetes and depression, who were selected through convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, the experimental groups received training on personalization of historical memory (8 sessions of 90 minutes) and therapy based on acceptance and commitment (7 sessions of 90 minutes) separately during two months. This is even though the control group did not receive the interventions and was waiting to receive these interventions. The tools used included an emotional distress questionnaire. Data analysis was done by software (SPSS-23) and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Findings: The results showed that Autobiographical Memory Specificity training and acceptance and commitment therapy have a significant effect on the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression (p<0. 001). Also, the follow-up test results indicated no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two treatments on emotional distress (p≤, 0. 05). Conclusions: The research findings indicated that therapists could use the Autobiographical Memory Specificity and acceptance and commitment therapy to reducing the emotional distress of diabetic patients with depression.

Aim and Background: People with social anxiety face problems in many personal and social fields, including interpersonal relationships, due to the anxiety caused by being in social situations. Therefore, experts try to reduce its effects by performing psychological interventions. Accordingly, in this research, a meta-analysis comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) interventions on social anxiety was considered to investigate the real effect of these interventions. Methods and Materials: For this purpose, among the many research related to this topic, 68 research (31 ACT and 37 CBT research) were found in reliable databases such as Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Iranian publications (Magiran), Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, Scientific information database (SID), PubMed, Islamic world science citation (ISC) and science journals and conference proceedings publisher (Civilica) were selected and meta-analysis was done on them. This research is based on 68 effect sizes and the tool used was the meta-analysis checklist. Data were analyzed using CMA-3 software. Findings: The research findings showed that the effect size of interventions and training based on acceptance and commitment therapy on social anxiety was 0. 603 (P <. 001) and for cognitive-behavioral interventions was 0. 635 (P <. 001). Conclusions: The obtained effect size in terms of r value for psychological interventions (ACT and CBT) on social anxiety is high, so it can be said that both psychological interventions can effectively reduce social anxiety, but according to the results, obtained effect size is higher for cognitive-behavioral therapy compared to acceptance and commitment therapy.

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to explain the modeling of premenstrual syndrome based on marital satisfaction and personality traits mediated by early maladaptive schemas. Methods and Materials: The research method is cross-sectional correlation. The statistical population of this study consisted of all married students of Tehran Azad University in 1399-1400, from which 400 people were selected by stepwise cluster sampling. In this study, the tools of premenstrual syndrome (Siah Baz), marital satisfaction (Enrich), neo-personality traits and early maladaptive schemas (Young) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. SPSS-V23 and Amos-V8. 8 software were used to analyze the data. Structural equation modeling was also used to answer the research hypotheses. Findings: Findings showed that the model has a good fit. The results also showed that marital satisfaction had a significant direct negative effect on premenstrual syndrome. Eagerness for new experiences, agreement and responsibility have had a significant direct negative effect on PMS. Neuroticism also had a significant negative direct effect on premenstrual syndrome. Marital satisfaction has had a direct negative effect on early maladaptive schemas. Eagerness for new experiences, agreement, and responsibility have had a significant direct negative effect on early maladaptive schemas. Neuroticism also had a significant negative direct effect on premenstrual syndrome. Early maladaptive schemas had a direct effect on premenstrual syndrome. Conclusions: the level of premenstrual syndrome increases with the increase of early maladaptive schemas. Therefore, paying attention to the mentioned variables in prevention and designing more appropriate therapies will help researchers and therapists.

Aim and Background: Quality of life includes different dimensions of physical, mental and social health and comfort of people's lives and is affected by various factors. For this reason, this research was conducted with the aim of predicting emotional intelligence based on the quality of life of married people with the mediation of selfconfidence in married women. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research included all married women living in Semnan who had referred to counseling centers. The sampling method was purposeful and based on entry and exit criteria, 384 people were selected based on Morgan's table. The data collection tools include Petrides and Farnham's standard emotional intelligence questionnaires, World Health Organization's quality of life, and Cooper Smith's standard self-confidence questionnaire. Data analysis was done using ANOVA and regression tests. Also, SPSS software, version 26 was used at a significance level of 0. 05. Findings: The results of the research showed that among the variable dimensions of self-confidence, the educational and occupational scale ranked first with 41. 2%, the social scale ranked second with 34. 4%, the family scale ranked third with 23. 1% and the general scale. With 19. 15%, they are in the fourth place and the lie scale with negative 18. 9%, affecting the quality of life of married women. Therefore, the role of self-confidence dimensions is significant (p<0. 05). The results of examining the effect of emotional intelligence on selfconfidence in married women in the research model were 21. 9%. Also, the beta value of the relationship between married people's quality of life and emotional intelligence was found to be 0. 469 in the first model and 0. 539 in the second model, and the moderating variable of self-confidence has an increasing role, and its value is 0. 274, and the moderating role of confidence is breath was statistically significant (p<0. 05). Conclusions: According to the results, clients can be informed about how low self-confidence can add to their psychological problems and how they can overcome their psychological problems with emotional intelligence to increase their quality of life during marriage.

Aim and Background: Depression is one of the most common mental disorders that includes all groups of society in every age group and its prevalence is different according to age and gender in different societies, so the aim of this research is the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system on cognitive reactivity and The symptoms of depressed patients were reduced. Methods and Materials: The current research was a semi-experimental design with a pre-test, post-test and threemonth follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all depressed patients referred to psychiatric and psychological treatment centers in Urmia city in the first five months of 2022, and 30 people were selected from this population by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups. All subjects completed the Beck Depression Scale (1961) and the Linden Depression Susceptibility Index (2003) in all three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Finally, the data were analyzed by repeated measurement variance analysis methods with the help of SPSS24 software. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference in both variables of cognitive reactivity and depressive symptoms between the experimental and control groups (P<0. 01). In other words, cognitive behavioral analysis psychotherapy system was effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistently depressed patients (P<0. 05). Conclusions: The findings of the research show that the psychotherapy system of cognitive behavioral analysis is effective on cognitive reactivity and reducing the symptoms of persistent depressed patients, and therefore it can be used in clinical interventions for the treatment of persistent depression.

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on reducing psychosomatic symptoms and test anxiety in the University entrance exam candidates. Methods and Materials: The present study was an experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included the senior female high school students in Bonroud district of Isfahan province in the educational year (2020-2021), who were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling method and among students who had high anxiety scores (1 standard deviation above average). 12 students were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 12 students were randomly assigned to the control group. The experimental group underwent mindfulness-based stress reduction program intervention for 8 sessions. The control group did not receive any intervention. TAI test anxiety (Abolghasemi et al., 2006) and psychosomatic complaints (Takata and Sakata, 2004) questionnaires were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods of Analysis of Covariance. Participants were allowed to leave the study whenever they wished. The informed consent form was completed by the individuals before the study began. Findings: The results of ANCOA analysis showed that the experimental intervention could significantly reduce test anxiety (P<001) and reduce psychosomatic symptoms (P<001) in students of the experimental group. Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based stress reduction program has been able to have a positive effect on reducing test anxiety and psychosomatic symptoms in the University entrance exam candidates.

Aim and Background: This study examines the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in the treatment of women with orgasmic disorder and compares it with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Although this approach is widely used in psychotherapy, it has recently been introduced in the treatment of female sexual dysfunction. Methods: Through a randomized clinical trial, 50 married women who received the diagnosis of orgasm disorder were included in the study. After introducing the study and informed consent, 25 women were randomly assigned to the intervention group (mindfulness-based interventions) and 25 women to the control group (cognitive-behavioral therapy). It was explained to the clients that the evaluation of their interventions is done through the research protocol, and finally they were blinded about their intervention. Also, all the data were provided to the researcher and statistical consultant based on blind codes. Findings: With 95% certainty, it can be concluded that compared to the results recorded before the intervention, interventions based on mindfulness improved the symptoms of women suffering from orgasmic disorder during the study period which confirmed a significant interaction between treatment and time. Multivariate analysis of variance between the participant's results of orgasm assessment questionnaire scores confirmed the significant changes over time for each of the two groups. It is also concluded that the effect of the interventions over time was significantly greater in the intervention group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that therapists should consider helping clients develop mindfulness skills during sexual experiences. Sexual mindfulness provides a skill that people can develop without the involvement of their partner and may help people make more efforts to promote sexual health and improve the quality of sex.

Aim and Background: Identifying factors that reduce initial hesitancy toward vaccination and increase vaccine acceptance among the general public can aid ongoing efforts to vaccinate against Covid-19. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between fear of covid-19 and desire to get vaccinated with the mediating role of Complacency and Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods and Materials: The present study was a correlational descriptive study, and its statistical society consisted of all students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022-2023. The number of sample members in this research was considered to be 300 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. To collect the data, the scale of fear of covid-19, the scale of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention, the Complacency subscale of the 5C model and the Scale for evaluating the Perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine used. Data were analyzed using path analysis and SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8. 8. Findings: The age range of the subjects was between 18 and 30 years, with an average age of 21. 75 and a standard deviation of age of 1. 93. The research findings showed that there is the highest correlation between fear of covid-19 perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine. This correlation was positive and significant ((p<0. 01). In addition, the lowest correlation value was observed between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid-19. This correlation was also positive and significant (p<0. 01). Also, the findings of the research showed that Complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine play a mediating role in the relationship between fear of covid-19 and the desire to get vaccinated Covid 19 (p<0. 01). Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of predictors about covid-19 and psychosocial mediating mechanisms of antecedents based on the health belief model and the 5C model on willingness to get vaccinated. Based on this, complacency and perceived effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine appeared as mediating psychological factors that affect the acceptance of the vaccine.

Aim and Background: Improving the level of marital satisfaction can strengthen family ties and promote a long-lasting marriage. Cognitive-behavioral techniques, such as problem-solving, have proven to be efficacious in mitigating conflicts and augmenting marital satisfaction. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to scrutinize the effectiveness of family-oriented problem-solving training in couples’,marital satisfaction. Methods and Materials: This is a quasi-experimental applied study with a pretest and posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included married individuals who referred to the Psychological Counseling Center at Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah Branch, Iran, in 2019. Initially, 30 couples were selected by purposeful sampling, who were then randomly assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group then received ten 90-minute sessions of family-centered problem-solving training, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The Afrooz Marital Satisfaction Scale (2010) was used for data collection. After the posttest stage, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 using descriptive statistics and covariance analysis. Findings: Covariance analysis revealed that the utilization of family-oriented problem-solving training had a significant influence on boosting couples’,marital satisfaction (p<0. 05). Conclusions: The current study's findings suggest that the family-oriented problem-solving training program is a valuable and successful intervention for enhancing couples' marital satisfaction.