Ecophytochemistry journal of Medicinal Plants
Year:2014 | Volume:2 | Issue:2 (6)|Papers Count:8

Mindium L. belongs to Campanulaceae family, which have important bush species and more than 7 species in world and 3 species in Iran have been reported. In this investigation essential oil composition of vegetative and reproductive organs Mindium laevigatum (Vent.) Rech. f.& Schiman-Czeika species from kashan Rahagh and Shahsavaran habitats have been studied. The stems and fruits of plant were collected in spring 2011 and dried in shade (at room temperature) and subjected to volatile fraction were isolated by Simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and analyzed by using GC and GC-MS. The results showed that, 43 components were identified in fruits essential oil and 34 components were identified in essential oil stems of Kashan Rahagh habitat. 42 components were identified in fruits essential oil and 44 components were identified in essential oil stems of Kashan Shahsavaran habitat. Major components of fruits essential oil of Kashan Rahagh habitat were heneicosane (9.58%), palmitic acid (7.41%), p-vinyl guaiacol (4.97%) and dihydro carveol acetate (4.47%). Major components of stems essential oil of Kashan Rahagh habitat were palmitic acid (30.93%), linoleic acid (10.32%), myristic acid (5.97%) and pelargonic acid (4.25%). Major components of fruits essential oil of Kashan Shahsavaran habitat were linoleic acid (18.63%), palmitic acid (14.13%), heneicosane (7.47%) and nonadecane (3.52%). Major components of stems essential oil of Kashan Shahsavaran habitat were palmitic acid (33.67%), linoleic acid (6.56%), ethyl palmitate (5.32%) and eugenol (3.14%). Parts of major essential oil components of vegetative and reproductive organs of plant at two habitats, were waxy and heavy compounds.

Naringin and hesperidin from citrus fruit flavonoid secondary materials, those are important in the pharmaceutical industry. In order to evaluate these compounds in four citrus species research based on a completely randomized split plot design with three replications. In this experiment, four kinds of citrus fruits, including mandarin, orange, orange and sour lemon in canopy of four geographical directions (north, south, east and west) in the early stages of fruit development in order to measure the quality and quantity of flavonoids the naringin and hesperidin was used. Measured characteristics including fruit weight, fruit diameter, thick-skinned fruit, dry matter fruit, the rate of total extraction, the amount of naringin and hesperidin in total extract was determinate. The results showed that, weight, diameter and thickness of fruit peel, fruit dry matter content, the total amount of fruit juice and amount of hesperidin and naringin in total extract, had a significant difference in cultivars and geographical directions. So that the highest dry matter (58.9) in the South and most of the total extract (2.8 grams per hundred grams of dry material) of fruit is produced in the West. The highest amount of naringjn (8.8 percent) in lemon was produced in North direction. The highest amount of hesperidin (2.5%) in local orange was produced in different directions and there was no significant difference in term of production of hesperidin. Naringin in local orange and mandarin varieties and hesperidin in orange and lemon did not produce. Therefore, it is advisable to extract the naringin of lime in the north.

Environmental stress is an important factor to reduce agricultural productions. However, stress has a direct impact on the amount of active substances in medicinal plants. So investigation to effect of biotic and non-biotic stresses on yield and active substances of various medicinal plants are very important .In this study the effect of different irrigation levels on some morphological factors and the amount as well as the composition of the essential oil of lavender were studied. For this project, lavender plants were cultivated in a research greenhouse at International University of Imam Khomeini .The effects of different irrigation levels (20, 40, 60 and 80 % field capacity (FC) were investigated on some morphological factors. Essential oils were obtained by water distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC/MS, while essential oil yield on completely randomized block design with four treatments and three replications .Analysis of variance showed that the irrigation levels has a significant effect on number of branches per plant (5%), but the plant height, stem diameter and leaf length and width had not significant differences. Irrigation levels also had significant effect on essential oil percentage, essential oil composition, the amount of chlorophyll and stomata resistance. According to the results of the comparisons, the highest percentage of essential oils (2.6 percent), the highest amount of chlorophyll (54.73) and the highest value of stomata resistance (12.2) were obtained in 40% FC treatment. The highest α-pinene،β-pinene and α-cadinol content in essential oil (2.893, 3.759 and 3.658% respectively),were obtained with 40% field capacity treatment, but highest amount of 1,8-cineol and camphor (41.284 and 18.765%),were obtained with 80% FC. The results of this study indicated that irrigation at 40% FC is the best condition for obtaining a plant with high quality and the highest level of essential oil.

Teucrium polium L. is one of the most medicinal plants which has been used as anti fungal and anti bacterial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different ecological factors on chemical essential oil of Teucrium polium in Isfahan province. Aerial parts of plant were collected and essential oil was extracted by Distilled water and samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that this plant grow from height ranging : 1095 to 2455 m, the longitude and latitude of 50 22 to 55 10 to 31 12 to 33 52,2-60% gradients in different directions, in steppe, semi-steppe and semi-desert climates with rainfall 100 to 600 mm annually in heavy soils with poor of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and low salinity. Ghohrood region had the highest percentage of essential oil (1.3%). The most component were β-caryophyllene in Semirom (47.27%), Daran (20.33%), Ramshe (18.48%), Ghohrood (18.15%), Ghomeshloo (13.19%), Chadegan (9.3%), α –pinene in Haftooman (20.46%), Aroosan (11.48%) and trans pinocarveol in Natanz (14.55%) and Anarak (13.30%). So Teucrium polium populations that are deployed in the region Ghohrood is recommended in order to cultivation and reproduce in areas with similar climatic conditions and the soil.

Medicinal plant may be used as a viable weed control technology in organic systems. This study was carried out to evaluate the allelopathic effect of foliage extract of Achillea wilhelmsii on seed germination and growth characteristic of soybean and Amaranthus retroflexus. In two series of laboratory and greenhouse experiment in Jihad-e-agriculture research center of Sarayan in 2010. Plants aerial parts in blooming were collected from around ferdows at and aerial part of Achillea wilhelmsii was extracted using the soxhlet extractor. In laboratory experiment were conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications, the effect of different concentration aquatic extract of santal in yarrow (12.5, 25, 37.5 g/l) with distilled water as control as on germination seed Amaranthus retroflexus and Glycins max, were investigated. In the greenhouse, which is based on randomized completed block design in addition to the concentration of the extract adding four levels (0 as control and 5, 10, 15%) of decomposed residues of Achillea wilhelmsii in with three replications was aded to pots of Amaranthus retroflexus and Glycins max. According to the laboratory results, concentrations of extract were completely inhibited germination of A. retroflexus. However significant reduction of growth characteristic of soybean was observed at high level of extracts. Height, biomass and seed yield of redroot pigweed decreased 80%, 40% and 40% in the concentration of 37.5 g/l of santal in yarrow respectively. Decomposed residues were strongly reduced the growth and yield characteristic of redroot pigweed with a little effect on growth of soybean. They decreased seed yield 75%. The results generally showed that Achillea wilhelmsii had allelopathic ability and can be used to control of Amaranthus retroflexus in soybean.

In current, greenhouse gases have the most effect on global climate changes hence carbon sequestration by rangeland species and soil can decrease these gases. So this research was studied the amount of plant carbon storage in enclosure and grazed rangeland of some mountains of Mazandaran province, which Thymus serpyllum L. is dominant. The sampling was done in vegetation and soil based on random-systematic method after determination of key areas in each sites. 20 plots 1m2were used randomly on two parallel transects (100m) with 500m distance based on plants distribution pattern. Thus, 20 plants and 40 soil samples were taken totally. The plants carbon amount was obtained by burning method and soil carbon sequestration was obtained after determination of soil organic carbon and bulk density in laboratory using the formula of multiplying them and soil depth .The statistical results showed that there was significant difference between plant organs in each site. As carbon sequestration of leave, stem and root in enclosure rangeland was 3.70, 4.86, and 5.82 Kg/ha and 1.62, 2.57, and 2.42 Kg/ha in grazed rangeland respectively. Also soil carbon sequestration had significant difference (P≤0.05) between enclosure and grazed site so its amount in firs layer (0-15 cm) of enclosure area was 59.76 Ton/ha and 36.53 Ton/ha in grazed area. Totally, there was significant difference in carbon sequestration content (soil and vegetation) between two studied areas. If, woody plants will be used in this area we can improve carbon sequestration potential in the region.

In this study, for examination quantity and quality essential oil of Stachys inflata, flowering branches of plant in early June were collected from three habitats, in Mazandaran province and then dried in the shade. The essential oils were obtained by steam distillation method and were analyzed by (GC/MC) and (GC) the oils yield were obtained in 1.3% to 2.9% and germacrene-D (8.7-16.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.2-16.6%) were the most constituents of essential oil in the same three regions.

In this research due to comparative of ecological requirements, phytochemical and anti oxidant activity of aerial parts of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter. Aerial parts of plant were collected from natural habitats of plant (Bandargaz-14m) in August 2013 and in many field observation and all traditional data about plant parts and their uses in traditional medicine were obtained by rural people of this region. Ethanolic and mehanolic extracts were obtained by maceration and ultrasonic methods and their anti oxidant activity were evaluated by DPPH test against free radicals of DPPH (P<0.05). Ecological data showed that Bandargaz region in Golestan province (680m) have semi temprate climate, annual precipitation 577.3 mm, annual temperature 18.7 ̊C in soil with high humus, silty loam soil, Ph 7.7, Ec 8.5 desizimens. Phonologic survey were showed that the plant was growing in April , flowering stage in August and then falled in late of October and which have been used by the rural people as anti septic, anti inflammation and anti pathogen with combination of Artemisia sieberi and Provskia abrotanoides to prevent and treat of many chronic ailments. Laboratory data showed that the methanolic extract of aerial parts in ultrasonic method has more secondary metabolites such as TP (0.092 mg/g) and TF content (0.045 mg/g) with highest antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical with high IC50=67μg/ml, respectively. Finally these results were confirmed of traditional uses of this plant as strong anti infection, sedative, and anti inflammation.