Journal of Animal Research
Year:2016 | Volume:29 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:11

The study of blood parameters has been widely used to assess the health status and as stress indicators in fishes. This study was conducted in order to measure of glucose, cholesterol and hematocrit as indicators to evaluate the effect of fenugreek seeds meal (FKSM) on health and resistance of common carp (2. 457± 0. 057 g) to salinity stress. Fish were divided into four groups fed on diets containing FKSM in different levels; 0 (control), 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5%. After 56 days feeding, blood samples were obtained in five stages (once before and four times after stress) for evaluate glucose and hematocrit levels. Salinity significantly affected glucose, cholesterol and hematocrit (P<0. 05). On the first day of after stress, the hematocrit and glucose levels significantly were increased in all groups to compared with their levels of before stress (P<0. 05). After stress, cholesterol level significantly decreased in all groups compared to before stress (P<0. 05). Before and after stress, the level of hematocrit had no significant differences between all groups (P>0. 05). On the first day of after stress, the glucose levels significantly increased in treatment groups with FKSM compared to control group (P<0. 05). The glucose and hematocrit levels were decreased gradually in all groups since third day. After stress, no differences were observed for survival rate among the experimental diets (P>0. 05). However, the highest survival rate belong to 1% FKSM. These results indicate that the supplement of 1% FKSM have a positive influence on the glucose, cholesterol, hematocrit and resistance of common carp to salinity stress.

This investigation was carried out to study of foraminifers’ communities in the eastern part of Qeshm Island during the hot and the cold seasons. Samples were collected with 3. 3 cm diameter corer from the first 5 cm surface of sediments in 9 stations with 3 replicates. In the study 44 specimens were identified specifically, and 31 specimens were typificated at genera; they included 25 families. Organisms were rillustrated using Scaning electron microscop photography. In the summer 2013 Triloculina oblonga (147. 9 ind/10cm2) and Protoelphidium sp. (81. 19 ind/10cm2) were observed at higher abundance. Maximum abundance of live individuals was related to Ammonia beccarii (22. 7 ind/10cm2) and Protoelphidium sp. (13. 9 ind/10cm2) in winter 2014. The Shannon – weaner index from minimum 0. 3 in winter to maximum 4. 4 in summer was ranged. Significant correlation between some environmental factors and foraminifer abundances was found (P<0. 05) using spearman correlation test. A correlation was found between total abundance of foraminifers and silt-clay portions of sediments, salinity and pH in summer never in winter. The abundance of Protoelphidium sp. and Elphidium vitreum showed correlation with the dissolved oxygen and the silt-clay portion.

Ghrelin is an Orexigenic hormone that mainly secreted from human gastric cells. Estraidol has a negative effect on the secretion of these hormone. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of Estradiol and simultaneous injection of Estradiol and Growth hormone on mean Ghrelin concentration in Sheeps that are fed with either restricted or non restricted diets. In this study 10 sheep were randomly divided in two groups (n=5) and were fed either by restricted or non restricted diets for a week. Animals in both groups received Estradiol (2mg/kg) and simultaneous injection of Estradiol (2 mg/kg) and GH (0. 1 mg/kg), on 7th and 8th day of the experiment respectively. Ghrelin concentration was determined by RIA. In the restricted group, Ghrelin concentrations increased significantly on the 7th of the experiment, compared to the 1st day (p≤ 0. 05). While in the non restricted group, no significant change was observed. Estradiol significantly decreased Ghrelin levels after injection compared to before injection in both groups (p≤ 0. 05). In both groups, simultaneous injection of Estradiol and GH increased Ghrelin concentration significantly. Food restriction lead to increases in levels of Ghrelin. Estradiol has a negative effect on Ghrelin secretion. Growth hormone exert a stimulatory effect on Ghrelin secretion and this effect is stronger than the reducing effect of Estradiol on Ghrelin concentration. However, the effect of 17-b-Estradiol with Growth hormone on mean plasma concentration of Ghrelin in Sheep has never been examined therefore.

Eurygaster integriceps is the key pest of wheat that overwinter as adults. The stored bioenergetic levels are important in their survival during the winter. In this research, the effects of sublethal concentrations (≤ LC30) of spirodiclofen (Envidor® ) (240 SC), as an inhibitor of lipids biosynthesis, were studied on bioenergetic resources in adults of new generation under field conditions. The experiments were designed as factorial with three factor; spirodiclofen concentration (0, 100, 300 and 500 μ l/l), sex (male and female) and sampling time (3, 6 and 12 days after treatment) and were replicated four times. The lipid, carbohydrate and protein levels were determined (mg/g; w/w). Results revealed that spirodiclofen affected significantly on bioenergetic resources. The lipid levels were increased with respect to control but carbohydrates and protein declined. Also the caloric contents were increased in 100, 300 and 500 μ l/l levels respectively 1. 37, 1. 42 and 1. 74 times. So that the sublethal concentrations of Envidor® increased the coloric contents and specialy the total lipids in sunn pest.

Following this study, the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the liver histopathological features and TGF-β and LDH enzyme activity was studied. Ninety male mice were randomly allocated into three groups each whit three repeat in each groups. Group 1and 2 received Zn oxide nanoparticles orally and intra-peritoneal respectively at dose of 2. 5 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days; group 3 served as the control. The value of TGF-β and level of LDH enzyme were determined on 14 day and liver samples were collected at supplementation intervals, 14 day. Results showed that TGF-β value in groups 1 and 2 were higher on day 14 compared to the controls, but this increase was no significant (P>0. 05). It was also found that on day 14, the activity of LDH enzyme in both treated groups were significantly higher than those of the controls (P<0. 05). However, there was no significant difference between two treatment groups (P>0. 05). The histopathological results showed that the alterations in the hepatocytes were mainly nuclear enlargement, as nucleus was observed in large and small sizes. Some of the Kupffer cells into hepatic sinusoids included a large nucleus. Hyperemia in central veins was evident and RBCs had infiltrated into matrix. In intra-peritoneal group cytoplasm of hepatocytes showed vacuolization. According to the results it can be concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles cause changes in the structure of the liver and liver enzymes.

Clostridia pererfringens is anaerobic bacteria with secretion epsilon toxin that causes lethal enterotoxaemia in animals. In this study, cytotoxicity effects of two monoclonal neutralizing antibodies 4D7 and 5B7 were evaluated against epsilon toxin using an in vitro technique with staining MDCK cell culture. The effects of inhibitory of two monoclonal antibodies neutralize epsilon toxin of clostridia that were cultured on Madin Derby canine Kidney cells, MDCK cells by staining 7-actinodiamine dye. It was showed that the two neutralizing antibodies inhibited the pore forming activity of epsilon toxin and reduced the epsilon toxin bound to MDCK cells at 4oC. Epitopes, the two major 134, 145 amino acids were recognized by antibodies that neutralized the activities of epsilon toxin, By Competitive ELISA and microarray tests via that monoclonal antibody 4D7 were also diagnosed and analyzed134 and 145 epitopes It was shown that an amphipathic protein molecule was coated with toxin membrane. Therefore, this valuable information may be used in the development antitoxin therapies in the near future time.

The density and seasonal chenges in biomass of macrobenthic was surveyed since April 2010 until March 2011 in Choghakhor wetland in Chaharmahal-va-bakhtiary previence. Samples were taken with an ekman grab in 10 stations with 3 replicats in 45 days frequance. Generally 25 families of macroinvertebrates belong to 5 class and 12 order were identificated. The maximum and minimum abundant of population were Gastropoda with 61. 66% and Crastacea with 0. 94% respectively. The maximum density of macroinvertebrates 14862 ind/m2 observed in autumn and the minimum 7755 ind/m2 observed in summer. Also maximum and minimum biomass, 480. 98 g/m2 and 73. 80 g/m2 were observed in atumne and winter respectivle. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between abundance and biomass in different seasons (p< 0. 01). In addition, seasonal changes in environmental conditions, life cycle of some benthoses and being consumed by water fowles, in winter, are the reasons for density and biomass decrease of macroinvertebrates.

Trichosomoides crassicauda is a thin nematode in the urinary bladder and renal pelvis of rats and in some cases can cause urolithiasis and tumor. This parasitic infection may have been done adverse effect on the results of research works. Therefore the study of parasitic infection in breeding center is essential. In this research in a Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains of rat colony number of 110 adult rats of both race and sex were randomly selected and were examined after autopsy. The histopathology of bladders and so lungs were done for presence of parasite larvae. In 60 examined Wistar rats, in the 54 (37 female and 17 male) and in 50 Sprague-Dawley rats, in the 43 (31 female and 12 male) parasitic infection was found. Immature worms separately and male and female adult worms were seen together. In the uterus of female worms, the eggs containing larvae were detected. In urinary bladder of 12 rats, the cyst were observed that after unpacking, debris of worms were visible. There were no evidence of tumors in various organs and in histopathology, in many cases, the body of the parasite in tissue sections and hyperplasia and wound was observed in the bladder wall. In the lungs and renal pelvis, there were no evidence of larvae and parasites.

Understanding the characteristics of the particular structure of fish bones, such as the skull helps to learn certain biological characteristics. Therefore, we studied the bones of the skull in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In this study, 350 samples of different ages were sampled from Nowchah, a village near Mashhad. 18 samples of 30 dph were chosen to study the skull by Alicain blue and Alizarin red technique. Using this technique, toto clearing, the specimens of 1-30 dph were studied and 18 specimens of 30 dph were chosen. After that, the bones of skull and their origins were observed and then compared with other genera and species. The results demonstrated the specific characteristics in the level of species. In addition, by comparing the bones with 1-30 dph specimens, the origin of each one was identified. As a result, about 40 bones were observed, in which 18 were membranous, 19 pieces were endocondral and the other 3 were mixed. This technique would be also a good method to diagnosis the malformation and teratology in larvae as well as understanding the different effects of environment and nutrition on osteogenesis.

Because of existing different stresses in fish farms, there is necessary to corroborate immune system of fishes against stresses. In the present study effects of Levamisole on immune responses of rainbow trout were evaluated. For this purpose 1000 pieces fish (average weight of 150 g) were obtained from a local fish farm of Urmia and were divided in 5 test groups (33 kg/m3 density) and were fed on diet supplemented with Levamisole at 0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg per kg of diet for a period of 45 days. Then the fishes of all groups were fed on commercial diet without Levamisole and were exposed density stress by 2-3 folds for the following 15 days. Blood samples were collected from all groups on days 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 to evaluate the serum total immunoglobulin, complement system activity and lysozyme activity. The results showed that, at the end of trial (day 60) Significantly (P < 0/05) higher lysozyme and complement system activity as well as immunoglobulin level were observed in samples fed on higher doses of Levamisole (especially 1000 mg per kg group) when fishes were exposed density stresses 2 and 3 folds. According the results of this Study we conclude that extreme 0/1% Levamisole could serve as an immunostimulator in outbreak of high density stresses in rainbow trout.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is endocrine insufficiency that affects liver structure in many cases and finally leads to liver necrosis, fibrosis and Cirrhosis. Curcumin, the major constituent in the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has anti-oxidant effects and protects liver tissue. In this experimental study we aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin on liver dysfunction of PCOS induced rat as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent. For this purpose, 90 mature female Wistar rats were divided into control (no injection) and PCOS groups (exposed to subcutaneously administration of 2 mg estradiol valerate for PCOS induction). PCOS rats were divided into control and experimental groups received 14 days intraperitoneal injection curcumin (300 mg/kg BW). Animals were killed and Liver and serum were taken for histomorphometric examination and serum CRP, stradiol and testostron level. The data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with P<0. 05 and F>3. 567 significance level. Serological assays and Hematoxylin & eosin-stained liver showed that the serum CRP, stradiol and testostron level and also number of Kupffer and damaged or necrotic hepatocytes significantly increased in PCOS compare to control. Whereas, the number of necrotic and kupffer cells decreced in Curcumin-treated groups compared to PCOS. Also, the levels of LDL, triglyceride increased in PCOS group compare to the control group but reduced in curcumin-treated group. Whereas, the levels of HDL and cholesterol decreased in PCOS group compare to the control group but increased in curcumin treatment group. In conclution, we suggest that curcumin has beneficial effect on inflammatory features of PCOS in liver via anti-inflammatory effects.